Diabetes mellitus type 2: a new indication for hypercortisolism screening?
https://doi.org/10.14341/2072-0351-5545
Abstract
Current review discusses novel data concerning prevalence of Cushing syndrome without characteristic clinical signs among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also provide detailed analysis of difficulties in diagnostics and management of this condition
About the Authors
Natalya Ivanovna Volkova
Medical State University of Rostov-on-Don
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Maria Igorevna Antonenko
Medical State University of Rostov-on-Don
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Liliya Alexandrovna Ganenko
Medical State University of Rostov-on-Don
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Dedov II, Mel'nichenko GA, Fadeev VV. Endokrinologiya, uchebnik dlya VUZov. Moscow; 2008.
2. Troshina EA, Bel'tsevich DG, Molashenko NV, Gazizova D.O. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of endogenous hypercorticism. Problemy endokrinologii. 2010;(2):53-63.
3. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM. The Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clin Pract Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-1540. Epub 2008 Mar 11.
4. Gatta B, Chabre O, Cortet C, Martinie M, Corcuff JB, Roger P, Tabarin A. Reevaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression-corticotropin-releasing hormone test for differentiation of mild Cushing's disease from pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4290-4293. Epub 2007 Jul 17.
5. Pecori Giraldi F, Pivonello R, Ambrogio AG, De Martino MC, De Martin M, Scacchi M, Colao A, Toja PM, Lombardi G, Cavagnini F. The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the desmopressin test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Feb;66(2):251-257.
6. Ross EJ, Linch DC. Cushing's syndrome- killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet. 1982 Sep 18;2(8299):646-649.
7. Nagai T, Imamura M, Misumi S, Mori M. Subclinical Cushing's disease accompanied by malignant hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Intern Med. 2002 Jul;41(7):566-570.
8. Minami I, Tateno T, Yoshimoto T, Doi M, Izumiyama H, Akashi T, Hirata Y. Subclinical Cushing's disease with amelioration of metabolic comorbidities after removal of pituitary tumor. Intern Med. 2006;45(21):1231-1235. Epub 2006 Dec 1.
9. Catargi B, Rigalleau V, Poussin A, Ronci-Chaix N, Bex V, Vergnot V, Gin H, Roger P, Tabarin A. Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5808-5813.
10. Chiodini I, Torlontano M, Scillitani A, Arosio M, Bacci S, Di Lembo S, Epaminonda P, Augello G, Enrini R, Ambrosi B, Adda G, Trischitta V. Association of subclinical hypercortisolism with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case- control study in hospitalized patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Dec;153(6):837-844.
11. Leibowitz G, Tsur A, Chayen SD, Salameh M, Raz I, Cerasi E, Gross DJ. Preclinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Jun;44(6):717-722.
12. Reimondo G, Pia A, Allasino B, Tassone F, Bovio S, Borretta G, Angeli A, Terzolo M. Screening of Cushing' syndrome in adult patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Aug;67(2):225-229. Epub 2007 Jun 4.
13. Liu H, Bravata DM, Cabaccan J, Raff H, Ryzen E. Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Dec;63(6):642-649.
14. Mullan K, Black N, Thiraviaraj A, Bell PM, Burgess C, Hunter SJ, McCance DR, Leslie H, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB. Is there value in routine screening for Cushing's syndrome in patients with diabetes? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 May;95(5):2262-2265. Epub 2010 Mar 17.
15. Murakami H, Nigawara T, Sakihara S, Kageyama K, Yamashita M, Matsuki K, Tanabe J, Matsui J, Tamasawa N, Suda T. The frequency of type 2 diabetic patients who meet the endocrinological screening criteria of subclinical Cushing's disease. Endocr J. 2010;57(3):267-272. Epub 2010 Jan 19.
16. Newsome S, Chen K, Hoang J, Wilson JD, Potter JM, Hickman PE. Cushing's syndrome in a clinic population with diabetes. Intern Med J. 2008 Mar;38(3):178-182. Epub 2007 Jul 23.
17. Tabarin A, Perez P. Pros and cons of screening for occult Cushing syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Mar 22;7(8):445-455. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.51.
18. Holland WW, Stewart S, Masseria C. Screening in Europe. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. WHO 2008.
19. Terzolo M, Pia A, Reimondo G. Subclinical Cushing's syndrome: definition and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jan;76(1):12-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2265.2011.04253.x.
20. Clayton RN. Mortality in Cushing's disease. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92 Suppl 1:71-76. Epub 2010 Sep 10.
21. Devenport L, Knehans A, Sundstrom A, Thomas T. Corticosterone's dual metabolic actions. Life Sci. 1989;45(15):1389-1396.
22. Sonino N, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Fava GA. A clinical index for rating severity in Cushing's syndrome. Psychother Psychosom. 2000 Jul-Aug;69(4):216-220.
23. Sarlis NJ, Chanock SJ, Nieman LK. Cortisolemic indices predict severe infections in Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic production of adrenocorticotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):42-47.
24. Sonino N, Fava GA, Raffi AR, Boscaro M, Fallo F. Clinical correlates of major depression in Cushing's disease. Psychopathology. 1998 Nov-Dec;31(6):302-306.
25. Strack AM, Horsley CJ, Sebastian RJ, Akana SF, Dallman MF. Glucocorticoids and insulin: complex interaction on brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):R1209-1216.
26. Webb SM, Badia X, Barahona MJ, Colao A, Strasburger CJ, Tabarin A, van Aken MO, Pivonello R, Stalla G, Lamberts SW, Glusman JE. Evaluation of health-related quality of life in patients with Cushing's syndrome with a new questionnaire. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 May;158(5):623- 630.
27. Storr HL, Chan LF, Grossman AB, Savage MO. Paediatric Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology, investigation and therapeutic advances. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May-Jun;18(4):167-174. Epub 2007 Apr 6.
28. Pecori Giraldi F, Moro M, Cavagnini F; Study Group on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1554-1558.
29. Wajngot A, Giacca A, Grill V, Vranic M, Efendic S. The diabetogenic effects of glucocorticoids are more pronounced in low-than in high-insulin responders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 1;89(13):6035-6039.
30. van Rossum EF, Lamberts SW. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene and their associations with metabolic parameters and body composition. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59:333-357.
31. Mancini T, Kola B, Mantero F, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's syndrome according to 1999 WHO/ISH guidelines. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):768-777.
32. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. A new test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. JAMA. 1993 May 5;269(17):2232-2238.
33. Oltmanns KM, Dodt B, Schultes B, Raspe HH, Schweiger U, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A. Cortisol correlates with metabolic disturbances in a population study of type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;154(2):325- 331.
34. Roy MS, Roy A, Gallucci WT, Collier B, Young K, Kamilaris TC, Chrousos GP. The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulation test in type I diabetic patients and controls: suggestion of mild chronic hypercortisolism. Metabolism. 1993 Jun;42(6):696-700.
35. Tsigos C, Young RJ, White A. Diabetic neuropathy is associated with increased activity of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar;76(3):554-558.
36. Fagour C, Bardet S, Rohmer V, Arimone Y, Lecomte P, Valli N, Tabarin A. Usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy in the follow-up of adrenocortical incidentalomas: a prospective multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Feb;160(2):257- 264. Epub 2008 Oct 30.
37. Fletcher R, Fletcher S, Vagner E. Klinicheskaya epidemiologiya: Osnovy dokazatel'noy meditsiny. Moscow; 1998.
38. Stewart PM. Is subclinical Cushing's syndrome an entity or a statistical fallout from diagnostic testing? Consensus surrounding the diagnosis is required before optimal treatment can be defined. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2618-2620.
39. Eller-Vainicher C, Morelli V, Salcuni AS, Torlontano M, Coletti F, Iorio L, Cuttitta A, Ambrosio A, Vicentini L, Carnevale V, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M, Ambrosi B, Scillitani A, Chiodini I. Post-surgical hypocortisolism after removal of an adrenal incidentaloma: is it predictable by an accurate endocrinological work-up before surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Jan;162(1):91-99.
40. Gross KL, Cidlowski JA. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid action: a family affair. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;19(9):331-339.
41. Chiodini I, Morelli V, Salcuni AS, Eller-Vainicher C, Torlontano M, Coletti F, Iorio L, Cuttitta A, Ambrosio A, Vicentini L, Pellegrini F, Copetti M, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M, Ambrosi B, Trischitta V, Scillitani A. Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2736-2745.
42. Guerrieri M, Campagnacci R, Patrizi A, Romiti C, Arnaldi G, Boscaro M. Primary adrenal hypercortisolism: minimally invasive surgical treatment or medical therapy? A retrospective study with long-term follow-up evaluation. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2542-2546.
43. Toniato A, Merante-Boschin I, Opocher G, Pelizzo MR, Schiavi F, Ballotta E. Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 2009 Mar;249(3):388-391.
44. Sereg M, Szappanos A, Toke J, Karlinger K, Feldman K, Kaszper E, Varga I, Gláz E, Rácz K, Tóth M. Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Apr;160(4):647-655.
45. Barahona MJ, Resmini E, Sucunza N, Webb SM. Diagnosis of cure in Cushing's syndrome: lessons from long-term follow-up. Front Horm Res. 2010;38:152-157.
Review
For citations:
Volkova N.I., Antonenko M.I., Ganenko L.A. Diabetes mellitus type 2: a new indication for hypercortisolism screening? Diabetes mellitus. 2012;15(4):95-102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/2072-0351-5545
Views:
868
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Email this article 
