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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM9730</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-9730</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сахарный диабет 2 типа и метаболический синдром: молекулярные механизмы, ключевые сигнальные пути и определение биомишеней для новых лекарственных средств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: identification of the molecular mechanisms, key signaling pathways and transcription factors aimed to reveal new therapeutical targets</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-7886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дедов</surname><given-names>Иван Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dedov</surname><given-names>Ivan I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dedov@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7492-747X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачук</surname><given-names>Всеволод Арсеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachuk</surname><given-names>Vsevolod A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tkachuk@fbm.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-6273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Николай Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Nikolai B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nbgusev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-5507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинский</surname><given-names>Владимир Павлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinsky</surname><given-names>Vladimir P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shirinsky@cardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-971X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воротников</surname><given-names>Александр Вячеславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorotnikov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., в.н.с.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biology, leader research associate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.vorotnikov@cardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-4051</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочегура</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochegura</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., с.н.с.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, senior research associate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t_kochegur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майоров</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayorov</surname><given-names>Aleksander Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">education@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-127X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nephro@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова;&amp;nbsp;Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Lomonosov Moscow State University;&amp;nbsp;Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Lomonosov Moscow State University&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;&amp;nbsp;Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Lomonosov Moscow State University;&amp;nbsp;Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии;&amp;nbsp;Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre;&amp;nbsp;Lomonosov Moscow State University&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>364</fpage><lpage>375</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дедов И.И., Ткачук В.А., Гусев Н.Б., Ширинский В.П., Воротников А.В., Кочегура Т.Н., Майоров А.Ю., Шестакова М.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Ткачук В.А., Гусев Н.Б., Ширинский В.П., Воротников А.В., Кочегура Т.Н., Майоров А.Ю., Шестакова М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Tkachuk V.A., Gusev N.B., Shirinsky V.P., Vorotnikov A.V., Kochegura T.N., Mayorov A.Y., Shestakova M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/9730">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/9730</self-uri><abstract><p>Сахарный диабет 2 типа (СД2) является социально-значимым заболеванием, терапия которого остается все еще недостаточно эффективной, отчасти это обусловлено многофакторностью развития нарушений углеводного обмена, механизмы которых полностью не раскрыты. Инсулиновая резистентность (ИР) является первым звеном патогенеза СД2 и связана со снижением способности инсулина усиливать захват глюкозы из кровотока клетками-мишенями. В развитии ИР участвуют такие факторы, как генетическая предрасположенность, избыточное питание и ожирение, стресс и хроническое воспаление в условиях нарушения передачи инсулинового сигнала внутри клеток. Молекулярные механизмы и маркеры ИР недостаточно охарактеризованы, что препятствует ранней диагностике и созданию превентивной лекарственной терапии. Гиперинсулинемический эугликемический клэмп остается «золотым стандартом» для диагностики ИР в условиях клиники. Гипергликемия является отдаленным следствием ИР, при которой реализуется повреждающее действие ряда молекулярных метаболических нарушений, включая оксидативный и карбонильный стресс клеток-мишеней. Молекулярные шапероны и малые белки теплового шока обладают защитным действием на ранних этапах патогенеза СД2, препятствуя развитию стресса эндоплазматического ретикулума и апоптоза. Дисфункция эндотелия сосудов сопряжена с СД2 и его сердечно-сосудистыми осложнениями, однако неясно, на каком этапе патогенеза наступают эти изменения и каковы их молекулярные индукторы. Наконец, еще менее изученным является вопрос о транскрипционной регуляции адипогенной дифференцировки клеток-предшественников при формировании новых жировых депо, а также механизмы активации «бурого» и «бежевого жира», демонстрирующего гиполипидемическое и гипогликемическое действие. Целью данной работы было выяснение молекулярных механизмов развития ИР и дисфункции эндотелия, роли транскрипционного фактора Prep1 и малых белков теплового шока, оценка новых методов диагностики ИР и определение биомишеней для новых антидиабетических препаратов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a socially important disease with only symptomatic therapy developed due to lack of knowledge about its pathogenesis and underlying mechanism. Insulin resistance (IR) is the first link of T2DM pathogenesis and results in decrease of ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells. Development of IR involves genetic predisposition, excessive nutrition, stress, obesity or chronic inflammation due to disruption of insulin signaling within cells. Molecular mechanisms and markers of IR are characterized rather poorly, which prevents early diagnosis and creation of preventive therapy. Euglycemic clamp test is still a golden standard for IR diagnosis in clinic. Hyperglycemia is a distant consequence of IR in which damaging effect of oxidative and carbonyl stress is realized and diagnosis of T2DM is stipulated. Molecular chaperones and small heat-shock proteins have a protective effect at the early stages of T2DM pathogenesis, preventing development of reticulum stress and apoptosis. Endothelial dysfunction is related to T2DM and its cardiovascular complications, however, it is unknown on which stage of pathogenesis these changes occur and what are their molecular inductors. Finally, transcriptional activity and adipogenic differentiation play an important role in formation of new fat depots from predecessor cells and activation of brown and “beige” fat demonstrating hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms of development of IR and endothelial dysfunction, role of transcription factor Prep1 and small heat shock proteins, evaluation of novel methods of diagnostics of IR and therapeutic potential of brown and “beige” fat, determination of biotargets for new antidiabetic drugs.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсулиновая резистентность</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>гипергликемия</kwd><kwd>метаболический синдром</kwd><kwd>бурая жировая ткань</kwd><kwd>«бежевые» адипоциты</kwd><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>PKB/Akt</kwd><kwd>Prep1</kwd><kwd>PPARγ</kwd><kwd>малые белки теплового шока</kwd><kwd>дисфункция эндотелия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>hyperglycaemia</kwd><kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd><kwd>brown fat</kwd><kwd>"beige" adipocytes</kwd><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>molecular mechanisms</kwd><kwd>PKB/Akt</kwd><kwd>Prep1</kwd><kwd>PPARγ</kwd><kwd>small heat shock proteins</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Благодарности. &#13;
Авторы приносят благодарность за участие в исследовании:&#13;
сотрудникам ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологииʺ Минздрава России - д.м.н., профессору Тюльпакову А.Н., д.м.н., профессору Кураевой Т.Л., к.м.н. Соркиной Е.Л., к.м.н. Шестаковой Е.А., Филлипову Ю.И., аспиранту Кокшаровой Е.О., аспиранту Склянику И.А., аспиранту Мишиной Е.Е., Горелышеву А.С.; &#13;
сотрудникам Московского государственного университета имени М.В.Ломоносова - &#13;
к.м.н. Акопян Ж.А., к.б.н. Егорову А.Д., к.б.н. Кулебякину К.Ю., Степановой А.В., к.б.н. Судницыной М.В., к.б.н. Дацкевич П.Н., к.б.н. Нефедовой В.В., Рыжавской А.С., аспиранту Мурановой Л.К., Герасимович Е.С.;&#13;
сотрудникам ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологииʺ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации - к.ф-м.н. Пенькову Д.Н., к.б.н. Хапчаеву А.Ю.&#13;
Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность д.м.н. Плехановой О.С. за помощь в подготовке рукописи.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткачук В.А., Воротников А.В. Молекулярные механизмы развития резистентности к инсулину // Сахарный диабет. –2014. –Т. 17. – №2. –С. 29-40. [Tkachuk VA, Vorotnikov AV. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance Development. Diabetes mellitus. 2014;17(2):29-40. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/DM2014229-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ткачук В.А., Воротников А.В. Молекулярные механизмы развития резистентности к инсулину // Сахарный диабет. –2014. –Т. 17. – №2. –С. 29-40. [Tkachuk VA, Vorotnikov AV. Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance Development. Diabetes mellitus. 2014;17(2):29-40. 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