diaendoСахарный диабетDiabetes mellitus2072-03512072-0378Endocrinology research centre10.14341/DM9623diaendo-9623Research ArticleОбзорыReviewСахарный диабет и ожирение. Роль агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в лечении сахарного диабета 2 типаDiabetes and obesity. The role of agonists glucagon-like peptide-1 of in the treatment of type 2 diabeteshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-1200ПетунинаНина АлександровнаPetuninaNina A.

д.м.н., профессор

MD, PhD, Professor

napetunina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8007-9721ТельноваМилена ЭдуардовнаTelnovaMilena Е.

к.м.н., доцент

MD, PhD, assistant lecturer

milena.telnova@mail.ru<p>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p>Россия<p>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</p>Russian Federation201810102018214293300Copyright &#x00A9; Петунина Н.А., Тельнова М.Э., 20182018Петунина Н.А., Тельнова М.Э.Petunina N.A., Telnova M.Е.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/9623

Среди пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа (СД2) значительное количество (80%) страдают ожирением. Известно, что даже нарушение толерантности к глюкозе, так же как и СД, может привести к развитию сосудистых осложнений. В то же время снижение массы тела может снизить риск СД2 у пациентов с ожирением и предиабетом. По имеющимся данным, у пациентов с СД2 и лиц с ожирением отмечается существенное снижение инкретинового эффекта. Так, снижение инкретинового эффекта ведет за собой нарушение инсулинового ответа на прием углеводов и, следовательно, увеличение уровня глюкозы в крови. Также установлено, что снижение инкретинового эффекта у пациентов с СД2 может быть связано с более низкой секрецией глюкагоноподобного пептида-1.

Следовательно, интерес представляют группы антидиабетических препаратов, способных регулировать гликемию путем влияния на секрецию инсулина и глюкагона в зависимости от ее уровня. К числу таких препаратов относятся агонисты рецептора глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 (АР ГПП-1). В статье показано преимущество использования у пациентов с СД2 и ожирением АР ГПП-1 длительного действия (албиглутида, дулаглутида, эксенатида с медленным высвобождением) в режиме дозирования 1 раз в неделю.

Significant number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are obese. It is known that even glucose intolerance, as well as diabetes, can lead to vascular complications. At the same time, weight loss can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese and pre-diabetic patients. According to available data, a significant decrease in the incretin effect is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals. Thus, a decrease in the incretin effect leads to a violation of the insulin response to the intake of carbohydrates, and, consequently, an increase in the level of glucose in the blood. It was also found that the decrease in the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes can be associated with a lower secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. The interest is represented by groups of antidiabetic drugs capable of regulating glycemia by affecting the secretion of insulin and glucagon, depending on its level. Such drugs include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

The article shows the advantage of prolonged action in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide with slow release) dosing 1 time a week.

сахарный диабет 2 типаожирениеинкретиныглюкагоноподобный пептид-1type 2 diabetesobesityincretinsglucagon-like peptide-1ReferencesДедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. / Под ред. Дедова И.И., Шестаковой М.В., Майорова А.Ю. – 8-й выпуск // Сахарный диабет. – 2017. – Т. 20. – №1S. – C. 1-121.[Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, et al. Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, editors. Standards of specialized diabetes care. 8th edition. Diabetes mellitus. 2017; 20(1S):1-121. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/DM20171S8Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. / Под ред. Дедова И.И., Шестаковой М.В., Майорова А.Ю. – 8-й выпуск // Сахарный диабет. – 2017. – Т. 20. – №1S. – C. 1-121.[Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, et al. Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, editors. Standards of specialized diabetes care. 8th edition. Diabetes mellitus. 2017; 20(1S):1-121. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/DM20171S8Dengo AL, Dennis EA, Orr JS, et al. Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):855-861. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147850Dengo AL, Dennis EA, Orr JS, et al. Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):855-861. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147850Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371(9626):1783-1789. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60766-7Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371(9626):1783-1789. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60766-7Hu G, Lindstrom J, Valle TT, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with normal or impaired glucose regulation. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):892-896. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.8.892Hu G, Lindstrom J, Valle TT, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with normal or impaired glucose regulation. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):892-896. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.8.892Kasuga M. Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell failure. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1756-1760. doi: 10.1172/JCI29189Kasuga M. Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell failure. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1756-1760. doi: 10.1172/JCI29189Freemantle N, Holmes J, Hockey A, Kumar S. How strong is the association between abdominal obesity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes? Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(9):1391-1396. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01805.xFreemantle N, Holmes J, Hockey A, Kumar S. How strong is the association between abdominal obesity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes? Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(9):1391-1396. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01805.xLebovitz HE, Banerji MA. Point: Visceral Adiposity Is Causally Related to Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(9):2322-2325. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2322Lebovitz HE, Banerji MA. Point: Visceral Adiposity Is Causally Related to Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(9):2322-2325. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2322Hu G, Lindstrom J, Valle TT, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with normal or impaired glucose regulation. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):892-896. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.8.892Hu G, Lindstrom J, Valle TT, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with normal or impaired glucose regulation. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):892-896. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.8.892Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512Мкртумян А.М. Ликсисенатид – прандиальный агонист рецептора глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 // Эффективная фармакотерапия. – 2015. – №32. – С. 16-22. [Mkrtumyan AM. Lixisenatide – a Prandial Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2015;(32):16-22. (In Russ.)Мкртумян А.М. Ликсисенатид – прандиальный агонист рецептора глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 // Эффективная фармакотерапия. – 2015. – №32. – С. 16-22. [Mkrtumyan AM. Lixisenatide – a Prandial Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2015;(32):16-22. (In Russ.)Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В. Инкретины: новая веха в лечении сахарного диабета 2 типа. Практическое руководство для врачей. – М.; 2010. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV. Inkretiny: novaya vekha v lechenii sakharnogo diabeta 2-tipa. A practical guide for physicians. Moscow; 2010. (In Russ.)]Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В. Инкретины: новая веха в лечении сахарного диабета 2 типа. Практическое руководство для врачей. – М.; 2010. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV. Inkretiny: novaya vekha v lechenii sakharnogo diabeta 2-tipa. A practical guide for physicians. Moscow; 2010. (In Russ.)]Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, et al. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1340-1348. doi: 10.2337/db07-1315Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, et al. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1340-1348. doi: 10.2337/db07-1315Madsbad S. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(1):9-21. doi: 10.1111/dom.12119Madsbad S. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 impairment in obesity and potential therapeutic implications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(1):9-21. doi: 10.1111/dom.12119Williams DL, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Evidence that intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 plays a physiological role in satiety. Endocrinology. 2009;150(4):1680-1687. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-1045Williams DL, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Evidence that intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 plays a physiological role in satiety. Endocrinology. 2009;150(4):1680-1687. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-1045Herrmann C, Goke R, Richter G, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion. 1995;56(2):117-126. doi: 10.1159/000201231Herrmann C, Goke R, Richter G, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion. 1995;56(2):117-126. doi: 10.1159/000201231Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates the therapeutic actions of DPP-IV inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2005;48(4):612-615. doi: 10.1007/s00125-005-1705-7Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates the therapeutic actions of DPP-IV inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2005;48(4):612-615. doi: 10.1007/s00125-005-1705-7Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2131-2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2131-2157. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.054Тельнова М.Э., Петунина Н.А. Оценка показателя уровня глюкогоноподобного пептида-1 при ожирении базально и в ходе теста с пищевой нагрузки // Медицинский вестник МВД. – 2014. – №4. – С. 41-45. [Telnova ME, Petunina NA. Evaluation of glucagon-like peptide-1 level indicator in persons with obesity basal and in the courseof alimentary load. Meditsinskiy vestnik MVD. 2014;(4):41-45. (In Russ.)]Тельнова М.Э., Петунина Н.А. Оценка показателя уровня глюкогоноподобного пептида-1 при ожирении базально и в ходе теста с пищевой нагрузки // Медицинский вестник МВД. – 2014. – №4. – С. 41-45. [Telnova ME, Petunina NA. Evaluation of glucagon-like peptide-1 level indicator in persons with obesity basal and in the courseof alimentary load. Meditsinskiy vestnik MVD. 2014;(4):41-45. (In Russ.)]Rodriquez de Fonseca F, Navarro M, Alvarez E, et al. Peripheral versus central effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on satiety and body weight loss in Zucker obese rats. Metabolism. 2000;49(6):709-717. doi: 10.1053/meta.2000.6251Rodriquez de Fonseca F, Navarro M, Alvarez E, et al. Peripheral versus central effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on satiety and body weight loss in Zucker obese rats. Metabolism. 2000;49(6):709-717. doi: 10.1053/meta.2000.6251Knop FK, Aaboe K, Vilsboll T, et al. Impaired incretin effect and fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(6):500-510. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.xKnop FK, Aaboe K, Vilsboll T, et al. Impaired incretin effect and fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(6):500-510. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.xAdam TCM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007;93(06):845. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041335Adam TCM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007;93(06):845. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041335Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, et al. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3717-3723. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.8.7750Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, et al. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3717-3723. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.8.7750Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Sonne J, et al. Incretin secretion in relation to meal size and body weight in healthy subjects and people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2706-2713. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021873Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Sonne J, et al. Incretin secretion in relation to meal size and body weight in healthy subjects and people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2706-2713. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021873Flint A, Raben A, Rehfeld JF, et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in humans. Int J Obes. 2000;24(3):288-298. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801126Flint A, Raben A, Rehfeld JF, et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in humans. Int J Obes. 2000;24(3):288-298. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801126Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, et al. Mechanisms of improved glycaemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia. 2012;55(7):1890-1901. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2556-7Dirksen C, Jorgensen NB, Bojsen-Moller KN, et al. Mechanisms of improved glycaemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia. 2012;55(7):1890-1901. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2556-7American Diabetes Assotiation. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S64-S74. doi: 10.2337/dc17-S011American Diabetes Assotiation. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S64-S74. doi: 10.2337/dc17-S011Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm--2016 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(1):84-113. doi: 10.4158/EP151126.CSGarber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm--2016 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(1):84-113. doi: 10.4158/EP151126.CSgrls.rosminzdrav.ru [интернет]. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств [доступ от 14.09.2018]. Доступ по ссылке: http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/default.aspx. [Grls.rosminzdrav.ru [Internet]. State Register of Medicines [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Default.aspx. (In Russ.)]grls.rosminzdrav.ru [интернет]. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств [доступ от 14.09.2018]. Доступ по ссылке: http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/default.aspx. [Grls.rosminzdrav.ru [Internet]. State Register of Medicines [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Default.aspx. (In Russ.)]Werner U, Haschke G, Herling AW, Kramer W. Pharmacological profile of lixisenatide: A new GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2010;164(2-3):58-64. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.05.008Werner U, Haschke G, Herling AW, Kramer W. Pharmacological profile of lixisenatide: A new GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2010;164(2-3):58-64. doi: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.05.008Knudsen LB, Nielsen PF, Huusfeldt PO, et al. Potent Derivatives of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Once Daily Administration. J Med Chem. 2000;43(9):1664-1669. doi: 10.1021/jm9909645Knudsen LB, Nielsen PF, Huusfeldt PO, et al. Potent Derivatives of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Once Daily Administration. J Med Chem. 2000;43(9):1664-1669. doi: 10.1021/jm9909645Thompson AM, Trujillo JM. Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(3):351-359. doi: 10.1177/1060028014564180Thompson AM, Trujillo JM. Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(3):351-359. doi: 10.1177/1060028014564180Ema.europa.eu [Internet]. Bydureon. Summary of product characteristics [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/huma n/002020/WC500108241.pdf.Ema.europa.eu [Internet]. Bydureon. Summary of product characteristics [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/huma n/002020/WC500108241.pdf.rlsnet.ru [интернет]. Баета Лонг [доступ от 14.09.2018]. Доступ по ссылке: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_94925.htm. [Rlsnet.ru [Internet]. Byetta Long [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_94925.htm. (In Russ.)]rlsnet.ru [интернет]. Баета Лонг [доступ от 14.09.2018]. Доступ по ссылке: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_94925.htm. [Rlsnet.ru [Internet]. Byetta Long [cited 2018 Sep 14]. Available from: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_94925.htm. (In Russ.)]Vilsboll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7771Vilsboll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;344:d7771. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7771Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9724):1447-1456. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60307-8Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9724):1447-1456. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60307-8Buse JB, Nauck M, Forst T, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):117-124. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61267-7Buse JB, Nauck M, Forst T, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):117-124. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61267-7Karagiannis T, Liakos A, Bekiari E, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(11):1065-1074. doi: 10.1111/dom.12541Karagiannis T, Liakos A, Bekiari E, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(11):1065-1074. doi: 10.1111/dom.12541Галстян Г.Р., Каратаева Е.А., Юдович Е.А. Эволюция агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в терапии сахарного диабета 2 типа // Сахарный диабет. – 2017. – Т. 20. – №4. – С. 286-298. [Galstyan GR, Karataeva EA, Yudovich EA. Evolution of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes mellitus. 2017;20(4):286-298. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/DM8804Галстян Г.Р., Каратаева Е.А., Юдович Е.А. Эволюция агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в терапии сахарного диабета 2 типа // Сахарный диабет. – 2017. – Т. 20. – №4. – С. 286-298. [Galstyan GR, Karataeva EA, Yudovich EA. Evolution of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes mellitus. 2017;20(4):286-298. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/DM8804Xue X, Ren Z, Zhang A, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide and liraglutide in type 2 diabetes: a systemic review of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(8):649-656. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12847Xue X, Ren Z, Zhang A, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide and liraglutide in type 2 diabetes: a systemic review of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(8):649-656. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12847Blevins T, Pullman J, Malloy J, et al. DURATION-5: exenatide once weekly resulted in greater improvements in glycemic control compared with exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(5):1301-1310. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2081Blevins T, Pullman J, Malloy J, et al. DURATION-5: exenatide once weekly resulted in greater improvements in glycemic control compared with exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(5):1301-1310. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2081Wong C, Fisher M. Inconclusive effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Practical Diabetes. 2017;34(9):302-303. doi: 10.1002/pdi.2140Wong C, Fisher M. Inconclusive effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Practical Diabetes. 2017;34(9):302-303. doi: 10.1002/pdi.2140Marso SP, Poulter NR, Nissen SE, et al. Design of the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results (LEADER) trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(5):823-830 e825. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.012Marso SP, Poulter NR, Nissen SE, et al. Design of the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results (LEADER) trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(5):823-830 e825. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.012Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm – 2018 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract. 2018;24(1):91-120. doi: 10.4158/CS-2017-0153Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm – 2018 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract. 2018;24(1):91-120. doi: 10.4158/CS-2017-0153

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.