<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM8050</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-8050</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Диагностика, контроль, лечение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Diagnosis, control, treatment</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный анализ эффективности гликемического контроля и частоты развития микроангиопатий у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 типа, получающих терапию генноинженерными инсулинами человека или аналогами инсулина человека: данные 10-летнего ретроспективного наблюдения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative analysis of glycemic control effectiveness and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, treated with genetically engineered human insulin or human insulin analogues: A 10-year retrospective observational study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-127X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, director of Diabetes Institute</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nephro@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-0788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефремова</surname><given-names>Наталья Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efremova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD candidate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nattalia28@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8436-9029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болотская</surname><given-names>Любовь Леонидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolotskaya</surname><given-names>Lubov L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bolotskayaliubov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7768-4717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скляник</surname><given-names>Игорь Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sklyanik</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD candidate</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sklyanik.igor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0317-6592</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппов</surname><given-names>Юрий Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Philippov</surname><given-names>Yury I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuriyivanovich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-7886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дедов</surname><given-names>Иван Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dedov</surname><given-names>Ivan Iю</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, директор ФГБУ "ЭНЦ" МЗ РФ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, director of ERC</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dedov@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ Эндокринологический научный центр Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ Эндокринологический научный центр Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-3"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Эндокринологический научный центр&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>388</fpage><lpage>396</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шестакова М.В., Ефремова Н.В., Болотская Л.Л., Скляник И.А., Филиппов Ю.И., Дедов И.И., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Ефремова Н.В., Болотская Л.Л., Скляник И.А., Филиппов Ю.И., Дедов И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shestakova M.V., Efremova N.V., Bolotskaya L.L., Sklyanik I.A., Philippov Y.I., Dedov I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/8050">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/8050</self-uri><abstract><p>В лечении сахарного диабета (СД) используются как генноинженерные инсулины человека (ГИЧ), так и генноинженерные аналоги инсулина человека (АИЧ) ультракороткого и длительного действия, которые, в отличие от ГИЧ, имеют более физиологичный профиль действия, максимально приближенный к профилю действия эндогенного инсулина. Исходя из этого, логично было бы предположить, что длительное (многолетнее) применение АИЧ приводит к меньшей частоте развития поздних осложнений СД по сравнению с ГИЧ. Однако до настоящего времени нет данных долгосрочных наблюдений, позволяющих сравнить оба класса препаратов инсулина не только в отношении эффективности гликемического контроля, но и в отношении частоты развития микрососудистых осложнений в отдаленном периоде у пациентов с СД 1 типа (CД1).</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Ретроспективно сравнить эффективность контроля гликемии и частоту развития микрососудистых осложнений (нефропатии и ретинопатии) у пациентов с СД1, получавших в течение 10 лет терапию ГИЧ или АИЧ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. На основе данных электронных баз «Регистра сахарного диабета» нескольких регионов РФ была сформирована выборка больных СД1 (n=260), которые на протяжении 10 лет получали либо ГИЧ (n=130), либо АИЧ (n=130). Пациенты обеих групп были попарно сопоставлены по базовым клиническим характеристикам (полу, возрасту дебюта диабета, длительности заболевания и значению HbA1c). Все пациенты наблюдались врачами-эндокринологами в условиях рутинной клинической практики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Через 10 лет наблюдения HbA1c снизился на достоверно большую величину по сравнению с исходным значением у больных, получающих АИЧ по сравнению с больными на ГИЧ (на 1,30% и на 0,81% соответственно; p&lt;0,05). К концу наблюдения распространенность диабетической ретинопатии (любой стадии) увеличилась в обеих группах и достоверно не различалась между группами; распространенность диабетической нефропатии также увеличилась в обеих группах, но ее прирост оказался достоверно ниже у пациентов, получавших АИЧ, в сравнении с больными, получавшими ГИЧ (+20,5% и +33,9% соответственно; р&lt;0,05). В группе пациентов, получавших ГИЧ, получен достоверно более высокий риск развития микрососудистых осложнений (ОР (отношение рисков): 1,84; 95% ДИ: 1,37–2,48) и, в частности, развития диабетической ретинопатии (ОР: 1,37; 95% ДИ: 0,98-1,90).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. 10-летний ретроспективный анализ лечения больных СД1 в рутинной клинической практике показал достоверно более эффективное снижение HbA1c и более низкую частоту развития диабетической нефропатии у пациентов, получавших АИЧ, в сравнении с пациентами на терапии ГИЧ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The treatment of diabetes mellitus generally involves genetically engineered human insulin (GICH) or genetically engineered analogues of human insulin (AIC). Compared to GICH, AIC better physiologically mimics endogenous insulin functionally. It would thus be logical to assume that long-term (multi-year) application of AIC leads to a lower incidence of diabetic angiopathy compared to GICH. To date, however, no long-term comparisons of both classes of insulin preparations (in terms of efficacy of glycemic control or incidence of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes) have been performed.</p><sec><title>Aims</title><p>Aims. To retrospectively compare the efficacy of glycemic control and incidence of microvascular complications (nephropathy and retinopathy) in patients with type 1 diabetes treated for at least 10 years with either GICH or AIC.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Based on data from electronic databases (diabetes registry) from several regions within the Russian Federation, the following patient samples were examined (n=260): group 1 received GICH for 10 years (n = 130) and group 2 received AIC for 10 years (n = 130). Patients in both groups underwent pairwise matching for baseline clinical characteristics (sex, age of diabetes onset, duration of disease and HbA1c level). All patients were observed by endocrinologists in the clinic.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. After 10 years of follow up, HbA1с levels declined more significantly in group 2 than in group 1 (1.30% vs. 0.81%, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). By the end of the observation period, the presence of diabetic retinopathy (any stage) increased in both groups and was not significantly different between groups; the presence of diabetic nephropathy was also increased in both groups, but the increase was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 (20.5% vs. 33.9%, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). Overall, the risk of microvascular complications was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 [HR (hazard ratio): 1.84; 95% CI: 1.37–2.48), specifically, the risk of diabetic retinopathy (HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 0.98–1.90).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. A 10-year retrospective analysis of patients treated with AIC for type 1 diabetes in the clinic showed a significantly more effective reduction in HbA1c levels and a lower incidence of diabetic nephropathy, compared with patients treated with GICH.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>регистр сахарного диабета</kwd><kwd>ретроспективное исследование</kwd><kwd>аналоги инсулина человека</kwd><kwd>генноинженерные инсулины человека</kwd><kwd>ретинопатия</kwd><kwd>нефропатия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>diabetes register</kwd><kwd>retrospective study</kwd><kwd>human insulin</kwd><kwd>insulin analogues</kwd><kwd>retinopathy</kwd><kwd>nephropathy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller RG, Secrest AM, Sharma RK, et al. Improvements in the Life Expectancy of Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study Cohort. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2987-2992. doi: 10.2337/db11-1625</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller RG, Secrest AM, Sharma RK, et al. Improvements in the Life Expectancy of Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study Cohort. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2987-2992. doi: 10.2337/db11-1625</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petitti DB, Klingensmith GJ, Bell RA, et al. Glycemic control in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study. J Pediatr. 2009;155(5):668-672 e661-663. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petitti DB, Klingensmith GJ, Bell RA, et al. Glycemic control in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study. J Pediatr. 2009;155(5):668-672 e661-663. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryden KS, Dunger DB, Mayou RA, et al. Poor Prognosis of Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A longitudinal study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1052-1057. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryden KS, Dunger DB, Mayou RA, et al. Poor Prognosis of Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A longitudinal study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1052-1057. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rolla A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages of insulin analogues and premixed insulin analogues over human insulins: impact on efficacy and safety. Am J Med. 2008;121(6 Suppl):S9-S19. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rolla A. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages of insulin analogues and premixed insulin analogues over human insulins: impact on efficacy and safety. Am J Med. 2008;121(6 Suppl):S9-S19. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grunberger G. Insulin analogs-are they worth it? Yes! Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1767-1770. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grunberger G. Insulin analogs-are they worth it? Yes! Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1767-1770. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Максимова М.А. Федеральная целевая программа «Сахарный диабет». Методические рекомендации МЗ РФ. — Москва, 2002. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Maksimova MA. Federal program «Diabetes Mellitus». Guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Moscow; 2002. (in Russ.)]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Максимова М.А. Федеральная целевая программа «Сахарный диабет». Методические рекомендации МЗ РФ. — Москва, 2002. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Maksimova MA. Federal program «Diabetes Mellitus». Guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Moscow; 2002. (in Russ.)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein R. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1984;102(4):520. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein R. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1984;102(4):520. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaturvedi N, Bandinelli S, Mangili R, et al. Microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes: rates, risk factors and glycemic threshold. Kidney Int. 2001;60(1):219-227. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00789.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaturvedi N, Bandinelli S, Mangili R, et al. Microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes: rates, risk factors and glycemic threshold. Kidney Int. 2001;60(1):219-227. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00789.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersen AR, Christiansen JS, Andersen JK, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: An epidemiological study. Diabetologia. 1983;25(6). doi: 10.1007/bf00284458</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen AR, Christiansen JS, Andersen JK, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: An epidemiological study. Diabetologia. 1983;25(6). doi: 10.1007/bf00284458</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathmann W, Schloot NC, Kostev K, et al. Macro- and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with rapid-acting insulin analogues or human regular insulin: a retrospective database analysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122(2):92-99. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1363684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathmann W, Schloot NC, Kostev K, et al. Macro- and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with rapid-acting insulin analogues or human regular insulin: a retrospective database analysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122(2):92-99. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1363684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kress S, Kostev K, Dippel FW, et al. Micro- and macrovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin glulisine or human regular insulin: a retrospective database analysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;50(11):821-829. doi: 10.5414/CP201653</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kress S, Kostev K, Dippel FW, et al. Micro- and macrovascular outcomes in Type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin glulisine or human regular insulin: a retrospective database analysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;50(11):821-829. doi: 10.5414/CP201653</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathmann W, Kostev K. Lower incidence of recorded cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin aspart vs. those on human regular insulin: observational evidence from general practices. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(4):358-363. doi: 10.1111/dom.12035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathmann W, Kostev K. Lower incidence of recorded cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin aspart vs. those on human regular insulin: observational evidence from general practices. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(4):358-363. doi: 10.1111/dom.12035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cammarota S, Bruzzese D, Catapano AL, et al. Lower incidence of macrovascular complications in patients on insulin glargine versus those on basal human insulins: a population-based cohort study in Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cammarota S, Bruzzese D, Catapano AL, et al. Lower incidence of macrovascular complications in patients on insulin glargine versus those on basal human insulins: a population-based cohort study in Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(1):10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermansen K, Fontaine P, Kukolja KK, et al. Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2004;47(4):622-629. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1365-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermansen K, Fontaine P, Kukolja KK, et al. Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2004;47(4):622-629. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1365-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raskin P, Klaff L, Bergenstal R, et al. A 16-week comparison of the novel insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH human insulin used with insulin lispro in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(11):1666-1671. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.11.1666</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raskin P, Klaff L, Bergenstal R, et al. A 16-week comparison of the novel insulin analog insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH human insulin used with insulin lispro in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(11):1666-1671. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.11.1666</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu CR, Chen YT, Sheu WH. Glycemic variability and diabetes retinopathy: a missing link. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(2):302-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.11.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu CR, Chen YT, Sheu WH. Glycemic variability and diabetes retinopathy: a missing link. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(2):302-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.11.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Burlina S, Lapolla A. Association between glucose variability as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50(3):437-442. doi: 10.1007/s00592-013-0459-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Burlina S, Lapolla A. Association between glucose variability as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50(3):437-442. doi: 10.1007/s00592-013-0459-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Relationship of Glycemic Exposure (HbA1c) to the Risk of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1995;44(8):968-983. doi: 10.2337/diab.44.8.968</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Relationship of Glycemic Exposure (HbA1c) to the Risk of Development and Progression of Retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1995;44(8):968-983. doi: 10.2337/diab.44.8.968</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM, et al. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited. Diabetes. 2008;57(4):995-1001. doi: 10.2337/db07-1618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM, et al. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited. Diabetes. 2008;57(4):995-1001. doi: 10.2337/db07-1618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
