<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM2015279-83</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-7093</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Синдром диабетической стопы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Diabetic foot</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинико-микробиологическое исследование тканей диабетической стопы после ампутации в специализированной клинической больнице в Северной Индии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinico-microbiological study of diabetic limb amputations in a tertiary care hospital in North India</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Punia</surname><given-names>Rajpal Singh</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Punia</surname><given-names>Rajpal Singh</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, Professor, Department of Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">drpunia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Kundu</surname><given-names>Reetu</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kundu</surname><given-names>Reetu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, Resident Pathologist, Department of Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">reetukundu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Jassal</surname><given-names>Vikram</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jassal</surname><given-names>Vikram</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, Junior Resident, Department of Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">vikram_1616@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Attri</surname><given-names>Ashok Kumar</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Attri</surname><given-names>Ashok Kumar</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MS, Professor &amp; Head, Department of General Surgery,</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">attriak@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Chander</surname><given-names>Jagdish</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chander</surname><given-names>Jagdish</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MD, Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">jchander@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh</institution><country>Индия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh</institution><country>India</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Punia R.S., Kundu R., Jassal V., Attri A.K., Chander J., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Punia R.S., Kundu R., Jassal V., Attri A.K., Chander J.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Punia R.S., Kundu R., Jassal V., Attri A.K., Chander J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7093">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/7093</self-uri><abstract><p>У пациентов с сахарным диабетом (СД) на 80% выше риск развития флегмоны подкожно-жировой клетчатки, в 4 раза ? риск остеомиелита и в 2 раза ? риск сепсиса и летального исхода. Цель.  Настоящее исследование было проведено для оценки клинических и микробиологических характеристик микроорганизмов, выделенных из тканей 25 пациентов с СД после ампутации конечностей. Материалы и методы.  В данном исследовании 25 пациентам с СД были выполнены ампутации конечностей. Язвы конечностей были классифицированы по Вагнеру, выполнена окраска материала по Граму. Также проводилось исследование влажных препаратов, фиксированных гидроксидом калия. Были проведены посевы на кровяной агар, агар МакКонки, декстрозный агар Сабуро и в бульон с сердечно-мозговой вытяжкой, и оценен рост микроорганизмов. Проводилось изучение гистологических срезов с использованием специальных красителей. Результаты.  В исследовании участвовали 25 пациентов (16 ? мужчин, 9 ? женщин). Возраст пациентов составлял от 30 до 90 лет (средний возраст: 58?10,91 лет). У большинства пациентов были язвы 3-й степени по Вагнеру. Остеомиелит был диагностирован в 13 (52%) случаях: острая форма в 2 (8%) случаях, хроническая ? в 3 (12%) случаях, обострение хронического остеомиелита ? в 8 (32%) случаях. По результатам посевов в большинстве случаев выделялся Proteus mirabilis; на втором месте ? Escherichia coli. В 20 случаях было выделено более одного вида бактерий. Грибы Candida были выделены в 8 случаях; Trichosporon ? в 2 случаях, а Fusarium ? в 1 случае. При гистологическом исследовании Candida были обнаружены у 3 пациентов, а Trichosporon ? у 1 пациента. В 80% случаев остеомиелита наблюдалась полимикробная инфекция. Заключение.  Выделение возбудителя инфекции помогает назначить подходящую схему антибиотикотерапии, что снижает частоту множественной лекарственной устойчивости, осложнений и ампутаций конечностей у пациентов, страдающих СД.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The diabetic population faces 80% increased risk of cellulitis, 4-fold increased risk of osteomyelitis and 2-fold risk of both sepsis and death caused by infections.Study objectives. The present study was carried out to assess the clinical aspects and microbiological profile of organisms isolated from 25 patients undergoing diabetic limb amputations.Materials and Methods. In 25 diabetes persons who underwent limb amputation, grading of ulcers was done according to Wagner system. Material was stained with Gram stain. Potassium hydroxide wet mounts were also studied. Culture was done in blood agar, MacConkey agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar tube slants and brain heart infusion broth and examined for growth. The histopathology sections were also studied and special stains were done.Results. Of 25 cases, 16 were males and 9 were females. The age ranged from 30 to 90 years (mean: 58?10.91). Majority of ulcers were grade 3. Osteomyelitis was seen in 13 (52%) cases; acute in 2 (8%), chronic in 3 (12%) and acute exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis in 8 (32%) cases. On culture Proteus mirabilis was isolated in majority of cases followed by Escherichia coli. In 20 cases more than one bacterium were isolated. Candida was cultured in 8 cases followed by Trichosporon in 2 and Fusarium in one case. On histopathology Candida was seen in 3 cases, while one case showed spores of Trichosporon. 80% cases with osteomyelitis had polymicrobial infection.Conclusions. The isolation of etiologic agent helps in administering appropriate antibiotic regimens, thus reducing the problem of multidrug resistance, morbidity and surgical limb amputations in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>ампутация</kwd><kwd>инфекции</kwd><kwd>бактериологический посев</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes</kwd><kwd>amputation</kwd><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>culture</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">None.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KMV, et al. Projection of Diabetes Burden Through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes care. 2001;24(11):1936-1940. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.11.1936</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KMV, et al. Projection of Diabetes Burden Through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes care. 2001;24(11):1936-1940. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.11.1936</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrison WB, Ledermann HP. Work up of diabetic foot. Radiol Clin N Am. 2002;40(5): 1171-1192. doi: 10.1016/S0033-8389(02)00036-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrison WB, Ledermann HP. Work up of diabetic foot. Radiol Clin N Am. 2002;40(5): 1171-1192. doi: 10.1016/S0033-8389(02)00036-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shank CF, Feibel JB. Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:779-789. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2006.06.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shank CF, Feibel JB. Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:779-789. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2006.06.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsourdi E, Barthel A, Rietzsch H, et al. Current Aspects in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013:385641. doi: 10.1155/2013/385641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsourdi E, Barthel A, Rietzsch H, et al. Current Aspects in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013:385641. doi: 10.1155/2013/385641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirsch T, Spielmann M, Zuhaili B, et al. Enhanced susceptibility to infections in a diabetic wound healing model. BMC Surgery. 2008;8:5-5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-8-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch T, Spielmann M, Zuhaili B, et al. Enhanced susceptibility to infections in a diabetic wound healing model. BMC Surgery. 2008;8:5-5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-8-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lavery LA, Harkless LB, Felfer-Johnson K, et al. Bacterial pathogens in infected puncture wounds in adults with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994;33(1):91-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavery LA, Harkless LB, Felfer-Johnson K, et al. Bacterial pathogens in infected puncture wounds in adults with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994;33(1):91-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair S, Peter S, Sasidharan A, et al. Incidence of mycotic infections in diabetic foot tissue. J Cult Collect. 2006;5:85-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair S, Peter S, Sasidharan A, et al. Incidence of mycotic infections in diabetic foot tissue. J Cult Collect. 2006;5:85-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duguid JP. Staining methods. In: Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmon A, editors. Mackie McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. pp. 793-812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duguid JP. Staining methods. In: Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmon A, editors. Mackie McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. pp. 793-812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chander J. Textbook of medical mycology. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Mehta Publishers; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chander J. Textbook of medical mycology. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Mehta Publishers; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ngim NE, Ndifon WO, Udosen AM, et al. Lower limb amputation in diabetic foot disease: experience in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Diabetes Medicine. 2012;20(1):13-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ngim NE, Ndifon WO, Udosen AM, et al. Lower limb amputation in diabetic foot disease: experience in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Diabetes Medicine. 2012;20(1):13-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma VK, Khadka PB, Joshi A, et al. Common pathogens isolated in diabetic foot infection in Bir Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2006;4(3):295-301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma VK, Khadka PB, Joshi A, et al. Common pathogens isolated in diabetic foot infection in Bir Hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2006;4(3):295-301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grayson M, Gibbons GW, Balogh K, Levin E, Karchmer AW. Probing to Bone in Infected Pedal Ulcers: A Clinical Sign of Underlying Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patients. JAMA. 1995;273(9):721-723. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520330051036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grayson M, Gibbons GW, Balogh K, Levin E, Karchmer AW. Probing to Bone in Infected Pedal Ulcers: A Clinical Sign of Underlying Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patients. JAMA. 1995;273(9):721-723. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520330051036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grayson ML. Diabetic foot infections. Antimicrobial therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995;9(1):143-161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grayson ML. Diabetic foot infections. Antimicrobial therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995;9(1):143-161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joseph WS, Axler DA. Microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of diabetic foot infections. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1990;7(3):467-481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joseph WS, Axler DA. Microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of diabetic foot infections. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1990;7(3):467-481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Nesbit CA. Diabetic foot infections bacteriology and activity of 10 oral antimicrobial agents against bacteria isolated from consecutive cases. Diabetes care. 1996;19(6):638-641. doi: 10.2337/diacare.19.6.638</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Nesbit CA. Diabetic foot infections bacteriology and activity of 10 oral antimicrobial agents against bacteria isolated from consecutive cases. Diabetes care. 1996;19(6):638-641. doi: 10.2337/diacare.19.6.638</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urbancic-Rovan V, Gubina M. Bacteria in superficial diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Medicine. 2000;17(11):814-815. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00374-2.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urbancic-Rovan V, Gubina M. Bacteria in superficial diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Medicine. 2000;17(11):814-815. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00374-2.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sims D, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers. J Foot Surg. 1984;23(2):149-151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sims D, Keating SE, DeVincentis AF. Bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers. J Foot Surg. 1984;23(2):149-151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones EW, Edwards R, Finch R, et al. A microbiological study of diabetic foot lesions. Diabet Med. 1985;2(3):213-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00640.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones EW, Edwards R, Finch R, et al. A microbiological study of diabetic foot lesions. Diabet Med. 1985;2(3):213-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00640.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathare NA, Bal A, Talvalkar GV, et al. Diabetic foot infections: a study of microorganisms associated with the different Wagner grades. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1998;41(4):437-441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathare NA, Bal A, Talvalkar GV, et al. Diabetic foot infections: a study of microorganisms associated with the different Wagner grades. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1998;41(4):437-441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viswanathan V, Jasmine JJ, Snehalatha C, et al. Prevalence of pathogens in diabetic foot infection in South Indian type 2 diabetic patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002;50:1013-1016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viswanathan V, Jasmine JJ, Snehalatha C, et al. Prevalence of pathogens in diabetic foot infection in South Indian type 2 diabetic patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002;50:1013-1016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shankar EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, et al. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infections in South India. European journal of internal medicine. 2005;16(8):567-570. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shankar EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, et al. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infections in South India. European journal of internal medicine. 2005;16(8):567-570. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.06.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadepalli R, Dhawan B, Sreenivas V, et al. A Clinico-microbiological Study of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. Diabetes care. 2006;29(8):1727-1732. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadepalli R, Dhawan B, Sreenivas V, et al. A Clinico-microbiological Study of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. Diabetes care. 2006;29(8):1727-1732. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chincholikar DA, Pal RB. Study of fungal and bacterial infections of the diabetic foot. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2002;45(1):15-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chincholikar DA, Pal RB. Study of fungal and bacterial infections of the diabetic foot. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2002;45(1):15-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elamurugan TP, Jagdish S, Kate V, Chandra Parija S. Role of bone biopsy specimen culture in the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. International Journal of Surgery. 2011;9(3):214-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.11.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elamurugan TP, Jagdish S, Kate V, Chandra Parija S. Role of bone biopsy specimen culture in the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. International Journal of Surgery. 2011;9(3):214-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.11.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipsky BA. Osteomyelitis of the Foot in Diabetic Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997;25(6):1318-1326. doi: 10.1086/516148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipsky BA. Osteomyelitis of the Foot in Diabetic Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997;25(6):1318-1326. doi: 10.1086/516148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
