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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM2014229-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-6597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы патогенеза</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Pathogenesis</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярные механизмы развития резистентности к инсулину</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance Development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачук</surname><given-names>Всеволод Арсеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachuk</surname><given-names>Vsevolod Arsen'evich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Member of Russian Academy of Science, Head of the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory in the Institute of Experimental Cardiology of Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Dean of the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine in M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@fbm.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воротников</surname><given-names>Александр Вячеславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorotnikov</surname><given-names>Alexander Vyacheslavovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института Экспериментальной Кардиологии РКНПК и Факультета Фундаментальной Медицины МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate for Biology Sciences, Leading Researcher in the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory in the Institute of Experimental Cardiology of Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.vorotnikov@cardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ Российский кардиологический научно-производственный комплекс, Москва;Факультет фундаментальной медицины, ГБОУ ВПО МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation;Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ткачук В.А., Воротников А.В., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ткачук В.А., Воротников А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tkachuk V.A., Vorotnikov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/6597">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/6597</self-uri><abstract><p>Инсулиновая резистентность (ИР) ? это феномен, связанный с нарушением способности инсулина стимулировать захват глюкозы клетками-мишенями и снижать уровень глюкозы в крови. Ответное усиление секреции инсулина поджелудочной железой и гиперинсулинемия являются компенсаторными реакциями организма. Развитие ИР ведет к неспособности клеток-мишеней реагировать на инсулин, в результате чего развиваются сахарный диабет 2 типа (СД2) и метаболический синдром. По этой причине метаболический синдром на практике определяется как сочетание ИР с одной или несколькими патологиями, такими как СД2, артериальная гипертония, дислипидемия, абдоминальное ожирение, неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени и некоторые другие. Однако его физиологическим критерием всегда служит сочетание высокого уровня глюкозы и инсулина в крови. ИР следует рассматривать как системный сбой эндокринной регуляции в организме. Физиологические причины ИР разнообразны. Основными являются пищевая перегрузка и накопление в клетках определенных липидов и их метаболитов, низкая физическая активность, хроническое воспаление и стресс различной природы, включая оксидативный и ?стресс эндоплазматического ретикулума? (нарушение распада поврежденных белков в клетке). Как показывают исследования последних лет, эти физиологические механизмы, скорее всего, реализуются по единому внутриклеточному сценарию. Им служит нарушение передачи сигнала от рецептора инсулина к его мишеням по механизму отрицательной обратной связи во внутриклеточных инсулин-зависимых сигнальных каскадах. В данном обзоре рассмотрены физиологические и внутриклеточные механизмы действия инсулина; основное внимание уделено их нарушениям при развитии ИР. В заключении обсуждаются возможные направления ранней молекулярной диагностики и терапии ИР. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Insulin resistance (IR) is a phenomenon associated with an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells and to reduce the blood glucose level. A response increase in insulin secretion by the pancreas and hyperinsulinemia are compensatory reactions of the body. The development of IR leads to the inability of target cells to respond to insulin that results in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. For this reason, the metabolic syndrome is defined in practice as a combination of IR with one or more pathologies such as T2DM, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some others. However, a combination of high blood glucose and insulin levels always serves as its physiological criterion. IR should be considered as a systemic failure of the endocrine regulation in the body. Physiological causes of IR are diverse. The main ones are nutritional overload and accumulation of certain lipids and their metabolites in cells, low physical activity, chronic inflammation and stress of various nature, including oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (impairment of damaged protein degradation in the cell). Recent studies have demonstrated that these physiological mechanisms likely act through a single intracellular scenario. This is the impairment of signal transduction from the insulin receptor to its targets via the negative feedback mechanism in intracellular insulin-dependent signaling cascades. This review describes the physiological and intracellular mechanisms of insulin action and focuses on their abnormalities upon IR development. Finally, feasible trends in early molecular diagnosis and therapy of IR are discussed. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсулиновая резистентность</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>инсулин-зависимая внутриклеточная сигнализация</kwd><kwd>обратная связь</kwd><kwd>белок IRS</kwd><kwd>фосфорилирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>insulin-dependent intracellular signaling</kwd><kwd>feedback</kwd><kwd>IRS protein</kwd><kwd>phosphor?ylation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">РФФИ, гранты № 11-04-01519, 12-04-90440-Укр_a и 14-04-01746</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samuel VT, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Lipid-induced insulin resistance: unravelling the mechanism. The Lancet 2010;375(9733):2267-2277. 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