diaendoСахарный диабетDiabetes mellitus2072-03512072-0378Endocrinology research centre10.14341/2072-0351-5948diaendo-5948Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesСахарный диабет 2 типа и когнитивные нарушенияSakharnyy diabet 2 tipa i kognitivnye narusheniyaЧугуноваЛюдмила АлександровнаChugunovaLyudmila Alexandrovnainfo@endojournals.ruСеменоваИя ВладимировнаSemenovaIya Vladimirovnainfo@endojournals.ruОрловЮрий ЮрьевичOrlovYuryinfo@endojournals.ruШестаковаМарина ВладимировнаShestakovaMarina Vladimirovnanephro@endocrincentr.ruФГУ Эндокринологический научный центр Росмедтехнологий, МоскваРоссияEndocrinology Research Centre, MoscowRussian Federation200815032008111№1 (2008)6166Copyright © Чугунова Л.А., Семенова И.В., Орлов Ю.Ю., Шестакова М.В., 20082008Чугунова Л.А., Семенова И.В., Орлов Ю.Ю., Шестакова М.В.Chugunova L.A., Semenova I.V., Orlov Y., Shestakova M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5948

Имеется большое количество убедительных данных о связи сахарного диабета, когнитивных нарушений и деменции. Высокая частота сахарного диабета 2 типа в пожилом возрасте в совокупности с возрастным риском когнитивных нарушений приводит к тому, что когнитивные нарушения становятся серьезной проблемой в диабетологии. Учитывая дальнейшее прогнозируемое постарение населения, можно ожидать, что выявление и лечение когнитивных нарушений при сахарном диабете будет привлекать все большее внимания. Необходимы новые исследования для того, чтобы лучше понимать механизмы возникновения и прогрессирования когнитивных нарушений. Только на знании этих механизмов могут базироваться методы профилактики и лечения характерных для СД 2 нарушений в важнейшей для современного человека когнитивной сфере.

когнитивные нарушениясахарный диабетпрофилактика и лечение СДReferencesЗахаров В.В., Яхно Н.Н.. Когнитивные расстройства в пожилом и старческом возрасте.Методическое пособие для врачей. М, 2005г.Захаров В.В., Яхно Н.Н.. Когнитивные расстройства в пожилом и старческом возрасте.Методическое пособие для врачей. М, 2005г.Solfrizzi V., Panza F., Colacicco A.M, et.al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia // 2004. Neurology. 63:1882-1891Solfrizzi V., Panza F., Colacicco A.M, et.al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia // 2004. Neurology. 63:1882-1891Elkins J.S., O'Meara E. S., Longstreth W. T., et.al. // Stroke risk factors and loss of high cognitive function./ Neurology. 2004; Vol. 63. P.793-799Elkins J.S., O'Meara E. S., Longstreth W. T., et.al. // Stroke risk factors and loss of high cognitive function./ Neurology. 2004; Vol. 63. P.793-799Purandare N, Ballard C, Burns A. Preventing dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 128:284-286Purandare N, Ballard C, Burns A. Preventing dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 128:284-286Lezak M.D. Neuropsychology assessment // N.Y. University Press. 1983. P. 768Lezak M.D. Neuropsychology assessment // N.Y. University Press. 1983. P. 768Яхно Н.Н., Преображенская И.С., Мхитарян Э.А. Болезнь Альцгеймера и деменция с тельцами Леви: некоторые аспекты клиники диагностики и лечения. //Русский медицинский журнал. -2003. -1.11. -№.100Яхно Н.Н., Преображенская И.С., Мхитарян Э.А. Болезнь Альцгеймера и деменция с тельцами Леви: некоторые аспекты клиники диагностики и лечения. //Русский медицинский журнал. -2003. -1.11. -№.100Захаров В.В., Яхно Н.Н. «Нарушения памяти» Гэотар-мед 2005Захаров В.В., Яхно Н.Н. «Нарушения памяти» Гэотар-мед 2005Ciocon J.O., Potter J.F. Age-related changes in human memory: normal and abnormal. Normal and Abnormal Geriatrics. 1988. V.43. N.10. P. 43-48Ciocon J.O., Potter J.F. Age-related changes in human memory: normal and abnormal. Normal and Abnormal Geriatrics. 1988. V.43. N.10. P. 43-48Ritchie K., Touchon J. Mild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet 2000;355(9199):225-8.Ritchie K., Touchon J. Mild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet 2000;355(9199):225-8.Petersen R.C., Smith G.E., Waring S.C. et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome.//Arch. Neurol. 1999. V.56. P.303-308Petersen R.C., Smith G.E., Waring S.C. et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome.//Arch. Neurol. 1999. V.56. P.303-308Wentzel C, Rockwood K.,MacKnight C. et al. Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia. Neurology 2001;57:714-6Wentzel C, Rockwood K.,MacKnight C. et al. Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia. Neurology 2001;57:714-6Schroeder J., Kratz B., Pantel J., et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample.// J NeuralTransm Suppl.- 1998,V.54.-P.-51-59Schroeder J., Kratz B., Pantel J., et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly community sample.// J NeuralTransm Suppl.- 1998,V.54.-P.-51-59Lopez O., Jagust W., DeKoskyS., et al. Prevalence and Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study.//Arch Neurol.-2003.-V.60,N.10.-P.1385-1389Lopez O., Jagust W., DeKoskyS., et al. Prevalence and Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study.//Arch Neurol.-2003.-V.60,N.10.-P.1385-1389Graham J. E., Rockwood K., Beattie E.L., Prevalence and severity of mild cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population.// Lancet.-1997.-V.349.-P.1793-1796.Graham J. E., Rockwood K., Beattie E.L., Prevalence and severity of mild cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population.// Lancet.-1997.-V.349.-P.1793-1796.Ott A., Stolk R.P., van Harskamp F. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study.Neurology 1999;53:1937-42.Ott A., Stolk R.P., van Harskamp F. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study.Neurology 1999;53:1937-42.Rocca WA, Cha RH, Waring SC, Kokmen E. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1984. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:51-62.Rocca WA, Cha RH, Waring SC, Kokmen E. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1984. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:51-62.Small G.W. What we need to know about age-related memory loss // Brit. Med. J. 2002. Vol. 324. P. 1502-1505Small G.W. What we need to know about age-related memory loss // Brit. Med. J. 2002. Vol. 324. P. 1502-1505DiCarlo A., Baldereschi M., Amaducci L. Et al. Cognitive impairment without dementia in older people: prevalence, vascular risk factors, impact on disability. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. //J Am Ger Soc. -2000. -V.48. -P.775-782DiCarlo A., Baldereschi M., Amaducci L. Et al. Cognitive impairment without dementia in older people: prevalence, vascular risk factors, impact on disability. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. //J Am Ger Soc. -2000. -V.48. -P.775-782Tschanz J., Welsh-Bohmer K., Lyketsos C. et al. Conversion to dementia from mild cognitive disorder. The Cache County Study//Neurology.- 2006.-V.67.-P229-234Tschanz J., Welsh-Bohmer K., Lyketsos C. et al. Conversion to dementia from mild cognitive disorder. The Cache County Study//Neurology.- 2006.-V.67.-P229-234Solfrizzi V., Panza F., Colacicco A.M., et.al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia // 2004. Neurology. 63:1882-1891Solfrizzi V., Panza F., Colacicco A.M., et.al. Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia // 2004. Neurology. 63:1882-1891Bennett D.A., Wilson R.S., Schneider J.A. et al. Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons // Neurology. 2002. Vol. 59. P. 198-205Bennett D.A., Wilson R.S., Schneider J.A. et al. Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons // Neurology. 2002. Vol. 59. P. 198-205Международная статистическая классификация болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем. Десятый пересмотр. (МКБ-10). // -Женева, ВОЗ. -1995. -С.317Международная статистическая классификация болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем. Десятый пересмотр. (МКБ-10). // -Женева, ВОЗ. -1995. -С.317Awad N, Gagnon M, Messier C (2004) The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function.// J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 26:1044-1080.Awad N, Gagnon M, Messier C (2004) The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function.// J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 26:1044-1080.Stewart R, Liolitsa D (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia.// Diabet Med 16:93-112.Stewart R, Liolitsa D (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia.// Diabet Med 16:93-112.Elias PK, et al. NIDDM and blood pressure as risk factors for poor cognitive performance. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1388-1395.Elias PK, et al. NIDDM and blood pressure as risk factors for poor cognitive performance. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1388-1395.Gregg E.W. et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:174-180.Gregg E.W. et al. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:174-180.Ott A, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: The Rotterdam Study.// Diabetologia 1996;39:1392-1397.Ott A, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: The Rotterdam Study.// Diabetologia 1996;39:1392-1397.Scherr PA, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population.// Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:1084-1101.Scherr PA, et al. Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population.// Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:1084-1101.Gregg E.W, Venkat Narayan K.M.. Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Function: Are Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Complications of Type 2 Diabetes? // Clinical Geriatrics. Volume 08. P. 1070-1389.Gregg E.W, Venkat Narayan K.M.. Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Function: Are Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Complications of Type 2 Diabetes? // Clinical Geriatrics. Volume 08. P. 1070-1389.Cukerman T., Gerstein H.C., Willamson J.D.. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes - systematic overview of prospective observation studies. Diabetologia. 2005. Vol.48. P.2460-2469.Cukerman T., Gerstein H.C., Willamson J.D.. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes - systematic overview of prospective observation studies. Diabetologia. 2005. Vol.48. P.2460-2469.Harris MI, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518-524.Harris MI, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518-524.Burke JP, et al. Rapid rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 1996. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1450-1456.Burke JP, et al. Rapid rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 1996. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1450-1456.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of self-reported diabetes mellitus - United States, 1980- 1994. MMWR 1997;46:1014-1018.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of self-reported diabetes mellitus - United States, 1980- 1994. MMWR 1997;46:1014-1018.W.R.Miles, H.F.Root. Psychologic tests applies in diabetic patients. (1922). Arch. Int. Med. Vol. 30.P.767-770.W.R.Miles, H.F.Root. Psychologic tests applies in diabetic patients. (1922). Arch. Int. Med. Vol. 30.P.767-770.De Jong R.N.. The nervous system complications in diabetes mellitus with special reference to cerebrovascular changes.// J. Nerv Ment Dis.(1950) Vol.111. P.181-206.De Jong R.N.. The nervous system complications in diabetes mellitus with special reference to cerebrovascular changes.// J. Nerv Ment Dis.(1950) Vol.111. P.181-206.Reske-Nielsen E, K.Lundbaek, Q.J.Rafeisen. Pathological changes in cerebral and peripheral nervous system of young long-term diabetics// Diabetologia/ Vol.1. P.233-241.Reske-Nielsen E, K.Lundbaek, Q.J.Rafeisen. Pathological changes in cerebral and peripheral nervous system of young long-term diabetics// Diabetologia/ Vol.1. P.233-241.Yamagishi S., Imaizumi T. Diabetic vascular complications: pathophysiology, biochemical basis and potential therapeutic strategy. // Curr.Pharm. Des. 2005.Vol. 11. P.2279-2299.Yamagishi S., Imaizumi T. Diabetic vascular complications: pathophysiology, biochemical basis and potential therapeutic strategy. // Curr.Pharm. Des. 2005.Vol. 11. P.2279-2299.Munshi M., L.Grande, M.Hayes, et.al. // Diabetes Care 29 (2006):1794-1799.Munshi M., L.Grande, M.Hayes, et.al. // Diabetes Care 29 (2006):1794-1799.Kalmijn S, Feskens EJM, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. Cerebrovascular disease, the apolipoprotein e4 allele, and cognitive decline in a communitybased study of elderly men. //Stroke 1996; 27:2230-2235.Kalmijn S, Feskens EJM, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. Cerebrovascular disease, the apolipoprotein e4 allele, and cognitive decline in a communitybased study of elderly men. //Stroke 1996; 27:2230-2235.Van den Berg E, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ, et. al. Type 2 diabetes, cognitive function and dementia: vascular and metabolic determinants. // Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 ;Vol.42(11).P.741-54.Van den Berg E, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ, et. al. Type 2 diabetes, cognitive function and dementia: vascular and metabolic determinants. // Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 ;Vol.42(11).P.741-54.Gradman TJ, Laws A, Thompson LW, Reaven GM. Verbal learning and/or memory improves with glycemic control in older subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. // J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:1305-1312.Gradman TJ, Laws A, Thompson LW, Reaven GM. Verbal learning and/or memory improves with glycemic control in older subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. // J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:1305-1312.Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tessier D, Yakura C, Tuokko H. The effect of improved glycemic control on cognitive functions in the elderly patient with diabetes. // J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci 1993;48:M117-M121.Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tessier D, Yakura C, Tuokko H. The effect of improved glycemic control on cognitive functions in the elderly patient with diabetes. // J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci 1993;48:M117-M121.D. J. Cox, B.P. Kovatchev, L.A. Gonder-Frederick et.al. Relationships Between Hyperglycemia and Cognitive Performance Among Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes // Diabetes Care 28:71-77.D. J. Cox, B.P. Kovatchev, L.A. Gonder-Frederick et.al. Relationships Between Hyperglycemia and Cognitive Performance Among Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes // Diabetes Care 28:71-77.Golomb J., Kluger A., P.Garrard, Ferris S. Clinician's manual on mild cognitive impairment // London: Science Press Ltd. 2001. P. 56.Golomb J., Kluger A., P.Garrard, Ferris S. Clinician's manual on mild cognitive impairment // London: Science Press Ltd. 2001. P. 56.Kameyama M, Fushimi H, Udaka F Diabetes mellitus and cerebral vascular disease.// Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994 Oct;24 Suppl:S205-8.Kameyama M, Fushimi H, Udaka F Diabetes mellitus and cerebral vascular disease.// Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994 Oct;24 Suppl:S205-8.Caplan LR Diabetes and brain ischemia. Diabetes. 1996 Jul;45 Suppl 3:S95-7.Caplan LR Diabetes and brain ischemia. Diabetes. 1996 Jul;45 Suppl 3:S95-7.Leibson C.L., Rocca W.A.,Hanson V.A. Risk of dementia amongpersons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:301-8.Leibson C.L., Rocca W.A.,Hanson V.A. Risk of dementia amongpersons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145:301-8.Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Stern Yet al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:635-41.Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Stern Yet al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:635-41.Biessels G.J., Staekenborg S., Brunner E., Brayne C., Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. // Lancet Neurol. Vol.5. P.64-74.Biessels G.J., Staekenborg S., Brunner E., Brayne C., Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. // Lancet Neurol. Vol.5. P.64-74.Allen KV, Frier BM, Strachan MW: The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations. Eur J Pharmacol 490:169-175, 2004.Allen KV, Frier BM, Strachan MW: The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations. Eur J Pharmacol 490:169-175, 2004.Yoshitake T, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995;45:1161-1168.Yoshitake T, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995;45:1161-1168.Curb JD, et al. Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance. Neurology 1999;52:971- 975.Curb JD, et al. Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance. Neurology 1999;52:971- 975.UKPDS The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-853.UKPDS The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-853.G.Logroscino, Jae Hee Kang, F.Grodstein.] Prospective study of type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in women aged 70-81 years.G.Logroscino, Jae Hee Kang, F.Grodstein.] Prospective study of type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in women aged 70-81 years.K.Yaffe, T.Blackwell, A.M.Kanaya et.al. Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women //Neurology (2004);63:658-663.K.Yaffe, T.Blackwell, A.M.Kanaya et.al. Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women //Neurology (2004);63:658-663.F.Grodstein, J.Chen,R.S. Wilson et.al. Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women // Diabetes Care 24:1060-1065.F.Grodstein, J.Chen,R.S. Wilson et.al. Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women // Diabetes Care 24:1060-1065.Messier C, Awad N, Gagnon M. The relationships between atherosclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Neurol Res. 2004 Jul;26(5):567-72.Messier C, Awad N, Gagnon M. The relationships between atherosclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Neurol Res. 2004 Jul;26(5):567-72.M. Schnaider Beeri, U. Goldbourt, J. M. Silverman, Diabetes mellitus in midlife and the risk of dementia three decades later // Neurology 2004;63:1902-1907.M. Schnaider Beeri, U. Goldbourt, J. M. Silverman, Diabetes mellitus in midlife and the risk of dementia three decades later // Neurology 2004;63:1902-1907.Zoe Arvanitakis, Robert S. Wilson, Julia L. Bienias, ; et.al. Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Decline in Cognitive Function //Arch Neurol. 2004;61:661-666.Zoe Arvanitakis, Robert S. Wilson, Julia L. Bienias, ; et.al. Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Decline in Cognitive Function //Arch Neurol. 2004;61:661-666.A. Fontbonne, , C. Berr, P.Ducimeti re et.al. Changes in Cognitive Abilities Over a 4-Year Period Are Unfavorably Affected in Elderly Diabetic Subjects// Diabetes Care 24:366-370, 2001.A. Fontbonne, , C. Berr, P.Ducimeti re et.al. Changes in Cognitive Abilities Over a 4-Year Period Are Unfavorably Affected in Elderly Diabetic Subjects// Diabetes Care 24:366-370, 2001.Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Stern Y.et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:635-41.Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Stern Y.et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:635-41.Yoshitake Т., Kiyohara Y., Kato I. et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995,45:1161-8.Yoshitake Т., Kiyohara Y., Kato I. et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995,45:1161-8.Lindeman R.D., Romero L.J., LaRue A.et.al. A Biethnic Community Survey of Cognition in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Normal Glucose Tolerance // Diabetes Care (2001).24:1567-1572.Lindeman R.D., Romero L.J., LaRue A.et.al. A Biethnic Community Survey of Cognition in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Normal Glucose Tolerance // Diabetes Care (2001).24:1567-1572.Dey J, Misra A, Desai NG, Mahapatra AK and MV Padma. Cognitive function in younger type II diabetes // Diabetes Care, Vol 20, Issue 1 32-35.Dey J, Misra A, Desai NG, Mahapatra AK and MV Padma. Cognitive function in younger type II diabetes // Diabetes Care, Vol 20, Issue 1 32-35.Robertson-Tchabo EA, Arenberg D, Tobin JD, Plotz JB. A longitudinal study of cognitive performance in noninsulin dependent (type II) diabetic men. Exp Geront 1986;21:459-467.Robertson-Tchabo EA, Arenberg D, Tobin JD, Plotz JB. A longitudinal study of cognitive performance in noninsulin dependent (type II) diabetic men. Exp Geront 1986;21:459-467.Pavlik V., Hyman D., Doody R.Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cognitive Function in Adults 30-59 Years of Age (NHANES III).Neuroepidemiology 2005;24:42-50.Pavlik V., Hyman D., Doody R.Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cognitive Function in Adults 30-59 Years of Age (NHANES III).Neuroepidemiology 2005;24:42-50.Stamler J., Vaccaro O., Neaton J. etal. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for menscreened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. // Diabetes Care 1993;16:434-44.Stamler J., Vaccaro O., Neaton J. etal. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for menscreened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. // Diabetes Care 1993;16:434-44.DeCarli. The role of cerebrovascular disease in dementia. Neurologist 2003; 9: 123-36.DeCarli. The role of cerebrovascular disease in dementia. Neurologist 2003; 9: 123-36.Skoog I et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141-5.Skoog I et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141-5.Henon H. et al. // Stroke. 1997. V.28. P.2429.Henon H. et al. // Stroke. 1997. V.28. P.2429.Starr, John M. Blood pressure and cognitive decline in the elderly. // Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension.// May 1999.Vol. 8(3)P.347-351.Starr, John M. Blood pressure and cognitive decline in the elderly. // Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension.// May 1999.Vol. 8(3)P.347-351.Wright J.W., Harding J.W.// Neurosci. Biobehav.Rev. 1994. V.18. P.21.Wright J.W., Harding J.W.// Neurosci. Biobehav.Rev. 1994. V.18. P.21.Barnes N.M. et al.// Neuroreport. 1991. V.2. P.351.Barnes N.M. et al.// Neuroreport. 1991. V.2. P.351.Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. Br Med J 1996;312:801-805.Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA, Mann AH. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. Br Med J 1996;312:801-805.SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-3264.SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-3264.Forette F, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998;352:1347-1351.Forette F, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998;352:1347-1351.Breteler M.M. Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol Aging 2000:21:153-60.Breteler M.M. Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol Aging 2000:21:153-60.Messier C, Awad N., Gagnon M. The relationships between atherosclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Neurol Res 2004;26(5): 567-72.Messier C, Awad N., Gagnon M. The relationships between atherosclerosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Neurol Res 2004;26(5): 567-72.Antonios N., Siliman S. Diabetes mellitus and stroke. Nort Florida Med 2005;56(2):17-22/Antonios N., Siliman S. Diabetes mellitus and stroke. Nort Florida Med 2005;56(2):17-22/M Starr, J Wardlaw, K Ferguson et. al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in type II diabetes demonstrated by gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging // Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003;74:70-76.M Starr, J Wardlaw, K Ferguson et. al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in type II diabetes demonstrated by gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging // Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003;74:70-76.De Luis DA, Fernandez N, Arranz M, Aller R, Izaola O. Total homocysteine and cognitive deterioration in people with type 2 diabetes. // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar; 55(3):185-90.De Luis DA, Fernandez N, Arranz M, Aller R, Izaola O. Total homocysteine and cognitive deterioration in people with type 2 diabetes. // Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar; 55(3):185-90.Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, et al (2002) Retinal microvas cular abnormalities and cognitive impairment in middle-aged persons: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 33:1487-1492Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, et al (2002) Retinal microvas cular abnormalities and cognitive impairment in middle-aged persons: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 33:1487-1492Wong TY, Mosley TH, Klein R, et al, for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators (2003) Retinal microvascular changes and MRI signs of cerebral atrophy in healthy, middle-aged people. Neurology 61:806-811.Wong TY, Mosley TH, Klein R, et al, for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators (2003) Retinal microvascular changes and MRI signs of cerebral atrophy in healthy, middle-aged people. Neurology 61:806-811.Cooper LS, Wong TY, Klein R et al (2003) Retinal microvascular abnormalities and MRI-defined subclinical cerebral infarction: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 37:82-86.Cooper LS, Wong TY, Klein R et al (2003) Retinal microvascular abnormalities and MRI-defined subclinical cerebral infarction: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 37:82-86.Ikram MK, De Jong FH, Van Dijk EJ et al (2006) Retinal vessel diameters and cerebral small vessel disease: The Rotterdam Scan Study. Brain 129:182-188.Ikram MK, De Jong FH, Van Dijk EJ et al (2006) Retinal vessel diameters and cerebral small vessel disease: The Rotterdam Scan Study. Brain 129:182-188.Wessels AM, Simsek S, Remijnse PL et al (2006) Voxel-based morphometry demonstrates reduced grey matter density on brain MRI in patients with diabetic retinopathy. DOI 10.1007/s00125- 006-0283-7.Wessels AM, Simsek S, Remijnse PL et al (2006) Voxel-based morphometry demonstrates reduced grey matter density on brain MRI in patients with diabetic retinopathy. DOI 10.1007/s00125- 006-0283-7.Auer RN, Wieloch T, Olsson Y, Siesjo BK (1984) The distribution of hypoglycemic brain damage. Acta Neuropathol [Berl] 64:177-191.Auer RN, Wieloch T, Olsson Y, Siesjo BK (1984) The distribution of hypoglycemic brain damage. Acta Neuropathol [Berl] 64:177-191.Auer RN, Hugh J, Cosgrove E, Curry B (1989) Neuropathologic findings in three cases of profound hypoglycemia. Clin Neuropathol 8:63-68.Auer RN, Hugh J, Cosgrove E, Curry B (1989) Neuropathologic findings in three cases of profound hypoglycemia. Clin Neuropathol 8:63-68.Chalmers J, Risk MTA, Kean DM, Grant R, Ashworth B, Campbell W (1991) Severe amnesia after hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 14:922-925.Chalmers J, Risk MTA, Kean DM, Grant R, Ashworth B, Campbell W (1991) Severe amnesia after hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 14:922-925.Wysocki T, Harris MA, Mauras N et al (2003) Absence of adverse effects of severe hypoglycemia on cognitive function in school- aged children with diabetes over 18 months. Diabetes Care 26:1100-1105.Wysocki T, Harris MA, Mauras N et al (2003) Absence of adverse effects of severe hypoglycemia on cognitive function in school- aged children with diabetes over 18 months. Diabetes Care 26:1100-1105.Brands AMA, Biessels G-J, De Haan EHF, Kappelle LJ, Kessels RPC (2005) The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a metaanalysis. Diabetes Care 28:726-735.Brands AMA, Biessels G-J, De Haan EHF, Kappelle LJ, Kessels RPC (2005) The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a metaanalysis. Diabetes Care 28:726-735.Auer RN (2004) Hypoglycemic brain damage. Metab Brain Dis 19:169-175.Auer RN (2004) Hypoglycemic brain damage. Metab Brain Dis 19:169-175.Stewart R, Liolitsa D (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabet Med 16:93-112.Stewart R, Liolitsa D (1999) Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabet Med 16:93-112.Strachan MWJ, Deary IJ, Ewing FME, Frier BM (1997) Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20:438-445.Strachan MWJ, Deary IJ, Ewing FME, Frier BM (1997) Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20:438-445.Allen KV, Frier BM, Strachan MWJ (2004) The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations.// Eur J Pharmacol 490:169-175.Allen KV, Frier BM, Strachan MWJ (2004) The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations.// Eur J Pharmacol 490:169-175.Vinkers DJ, Stek ML, van der Mast RC et al (2005) Generalized atherosclerosis, cognitive decline, and depressive symptoms in old age. Neurology 65:107-112.Vinkers DJ, Stek ML, van der Mast RC et al (2005) Generalized atherosclerosis, cognitive decline, and depressive symptoms in old age. Neurology 65:107-112.Van den Berg E., A.J.M.de Craen, Biessels G.J. et al. The impact of dibetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study.// Diabetolodia. 2006. Vol.49. P.2015- 2023.Van den Berg E., A.J.M.de Craen, Biessels G.J. et al. The impact of dibetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study.// Diabetolodia. 2006. Vol.49. P.2015- 2023.Fontbonne A, Berr C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A (2001) Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavor ably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemi ology of Vascular Aging Study. //Diabetes Care 24:366-370.Fontbonne A, Berr C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A (2001) Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavor ably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemi ology of Vascular Aging Study. //Diabetes Care 24:366-370.Gregg E.W., Yaffe K, Cauley J.A. et al (2000) Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? //Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. ArchIntern Med 160:174-180.Gregg E.W., Yaffe K, Cauley J.A. et al (2000) Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? //Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. ArchIntern Med 160:174-180.Craft S., Peskind E., Schwartz M.W.et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer's disease:relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology 1998;50(l):164-8.Craft S., Peskind E., Schwartz M.W.et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer's disease:relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology 1998;50(l):164-8.Frolich L., Blum-Degen D.,Bernstein H.G. Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 1998;105:423-38.Frolich L., Blum-Degen D.,Bernstein H.G. Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 1998;105:423-38.Zhao W, Chen H., Xu H. Brain insulin receptors and spatial memory.Correlated changes in gene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling molecules in the hippocampus of water maze trained rats. J Biol Chem 1999:274:34893-902.Zhao W, Chen H., Xu H. Brain insulin receptors and spatial memory.Correlated changes in gene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling molecules in the hippocampus of water maze trained rats. J Biol Chem 1999:274:34893-902.Gasparini L., Netzer W.J.,Greengard P., Xu H. Does insulin dysfunction play a role in Alzheimer's disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002;23(6):288-393.Gasparini L., Netzer W.J.,Greengard P., Xu H. Does insulin dysfunction play a role in Alzheimer's disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002;23(6):288-393.Pasquier F, Boulogne A, Leys D, Diabetes mellitus and dementia. Diabetes Metab. 2006 Nov;32(5 Pt 1):403-14Pasquier F, Boulogne A, Leys D, Diabetes mellitus and dementia. Diabetes Metab. 2006 Nov;32(5 Pt 1):403-14Ristow M. Neurodegenerative disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. // J. Mol. Med. Vol.82. P. 510-529.Ristow M. Neurodegenerative disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. // J. Mol. Med. Vol.82. P. 510-529.Esther S.C. Korf, Lon R. White, Ph Scheltens, et.al. Brain Aging in Very Old Men With Type 2 Diabetes The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study // Diabetes Care 29:2268-2274, 2006.Esther S.C. Korf, Lon R. White, Ph Scheltens, et.al. Brain Aging in Very Old Men With Type 2 Diabetes The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study // Diabetes Care 29:2268-2274, 2006.Munch G., Cunningham A.M., Riederer P., Braak E. Advanced glycation endproducts are associated with Hirano bodies in Alzheimer's disease.Brain Res 1998;796:307-10.Munch G., Cunningham A.M., Riederer P., Braak E. Advanced glycation endproducts are associated with Hirano bodies in Alzheimer's disease.Brain Res 1998;796:307-10.Watson G.S., Craft S. The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 2003;17(l): 27-45.Watson G.S., Craft S. The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 2003;17(l): 27-45.Peila R., Rodriguez B.L., Launer L.J.Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Diabetes 2O02;51:1256-62.Peila R., Rodriguez B.L., Launer L.J.Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Diabetes 2O02;51:1256-62.Messier C. Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein genotype. Exp Gerontol 2003;38(9);941-6.Messier C. Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein genotype. Exp Gerontol 2003;38(9);941-6.MacKnight C, Rockwood K., Await E., McDowell I. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's dis-ease and vascular cognitive impairment in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002;14(2):77-83.MacKnight C, Rockwood K., Await E., McDowell I. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's dis-ease and vascular cognitive impairment in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002;14(2):77-83.Xu W. L., Qiu С X., Wahlin Б. et al.Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementiain the Kungsholmen project. A 6-yearfollow-up study. Neurology 2004;63:1181-6.Xu W. L., Qiu С X., Wahlin Б. et al.Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementiain the Kungsholmen project. A 6-yearfollow-up study. Neurology 2004;63:1181-6.Barker W.W., Luis C.A., Kashuba A. et al. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank //Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002. V.16. P. 203-212/Barker W.W., Luis C.A., Kashuba A. et al. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank //Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2002. V.16. P. 203-212/Fu C., Chute D.J., Farag E.S., Garakian J. et al. Co morbidity in dementia: an autopsy study // Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004. Vol. 128. № 1. P. 32-38.Fu C., Chute D.J., Farag E.S., Garakian J. et al. Co morbidity in dementia: an autopsy study // Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004. Vol. 128. № 1. P. 32-38.Hulette C.M. Brain banking in the United States // J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003. Vol. 62. N. 7. P. 715-722.Hulette C.M. Brain banking in the United States // J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003. Vol. 62. N. 7. P. 715-722.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.