<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/2072-0351-5908</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-5908</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные возможности фармакотерапии сахарного диабета 2 типа при помощи аналогов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 (ГПП-1)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sovremennye vozmozhnosti farmakoterapii sakharnogo diabeta 2 tipa pri pomoshchi analogov glyukagonopodobnogo peptida-1 (GPP-1)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>Marina Vladimirovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викулова</surname><given-names>Ольга Константиновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vikulova</surname><given-names>Olga Konstantinovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГУ Эндокринологический научный центр Росмедтехнологий, Москва</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>№1 (2007)</issue-title><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К., 2007</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5908">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5908</self-uri><abstract><p>Миметик инкретинов ? экзенатид путем влияния на взаимодействие двух ключевых гормонов, регулирующих гомеостаз глюкозы, ? стимуляции глюкозозависимой секреции инсулина и подавления секреции глюкагона, восстанавливает естественные физиологические механизмы регуляции уровня гликемии. Экзенатид доказал свою высокую эффективность в многочисленных клинических исследованиях и может быть рекомендован для лечения больных СД 2 типа с неудовлетворительным контролем гликемии на пероральной са хароснижающей терапии, в том числе комбинированной.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>ГПП-1</kwd><kwd>экзенатид</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">La Barre J. Sur les possibilities d'un traitement du diabete par l'incretine. Bull Acad R Med Belg 1932; 12:620-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">La Barre J. Sur les possibilities d'un traitement du diabete par l'incretine. Bull Acad R Med Belg 1932; 12:620-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">La Barre J. Studies on the physiology of secretin. Am J Physiol 1930; 91:649-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">La Barre J. Studies on the physiology of secretin. Am J Physiol 1930; 91:649-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elrick H, Stimmler L, Hlad CJ, Turner DA. Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964; 24:1076-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elrick H, Stimmler L, Hlad CJ, Turner DA. Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964; 24:1076-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McIntryre N, Holdsworth CD, Turner DA. New interpretation of oral glucose tolerance. Lancet 1964; II: 20-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McIntryre N, Holdsworth CD, Turner DA. New interpretation of oral glucose tolerance. Lancet 1964; II: 20-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupre J, Ross SA, Watson D, Brown JC. Stimulation of insulin secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973; 37:826-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupre J, Ross SA, Watson D, Brown JC. Stimulation of insulin secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973; 37:826-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt WE, Siegel EG, Creutzfeldt W. Glucagon-like peptide-1 but not glucagon-like peptide-2 stimulates insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 1985; 28:704-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt WE, Siegel EG, Creutzfeldt W. Glucagon-like peptide-1 but not glucagon-like peptide-2 stimulates insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 1985; 28:704-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mortensen K, Christensen LL, Holst JJ, Orskov C. GLP-1 and GIP are colocalized in a subset of endocrine cells in the small intestine. Regul Rept 2003; 114:189-96/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mortensen K, Christensen LL, Holst JJ, Orskov C. GLP-1 and GIP are colocalized in a subset of endocrine cells in the small intestine. Regul Rept 2003; 114:189-96/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holst JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of diabetes. Int Diabetes Monitor 2005; 17(6):11-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holst JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of diabetes. Int Diabetes Monitor 2005; 17(6):11-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22:283-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22:283-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhanvantari S, Seidah NG, Brubaker PL. Role of prohormone convertases in the tissue-specific processing of proglucagon. Mol Endocinol 1996;10(4):342-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhanvantari S, Seidah NG, Brubaker PL. Role of prohormone convertases in the tissue-specific processing of proglucagon. Mol Endocinol 1996;10(4):342-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dube PE, Brubaker PL. Nutrient, neural and endocrine control of glucagons-like peptide secretion. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36(11- 12):755-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dube PE, Brubaker PL. Nutrient, neural and endocrine control of glucagons-like peptide secretion. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36(11- 12):755-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagons receptor family. Pharmacol rev 2003; 55:167-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagons receptor family. Pharmacol rev 2003; 55:167-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holz GG. Epac: a new cAMP-binding protein in support of glucagonslike peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic beta-cell. Diabetes 2004; 53: 5-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holz GG. Epac: a new cAMP-binding protein in support of glucagonslike peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic beta-cell. Diabetes 2004; 53: 5-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromada J, Dissing S, Bokvist K, Renstrom E, Frokjaer-Jensen J, Wulff BS, and Rorsman P. Glucagon-like peptide I increases cytoplasmic calcium in insulin-secreting beta TC3-cells by enhancement of intracellular calcium mobilization. Diabetes 1995; 44: 767-774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromada J, Dissing S, Bokvist K, Renstrom E, Frokjaer-Jensen J, Wulff BS, and Rorsman P. Glucagon-like peptide I increases cytoplasmic calcium in insulin-secreting beta TC3-cells by enhancement of intracellular calcium mobilization. Diabetes 1995; 44: 767-774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fehmann HC and Habener JF. Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide- I(7-37) stimulation of proinsulin gene expression and proinsulin biosynthesis in insulinoma beta TC-1 cells. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 159-166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fehmann HC and Habener JF. Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide- I(7-37) stimulation of proinsulin gene expression and proinsulin biosynthesis in insulinoma beta TC-1 cells. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 159-166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buteau J, Roduit R, Susini S, Prentki M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes DNA synthesis, activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and increases transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) DNA binding activity in beta (INS-1)-cells. Diabetologia 1999; 42:856-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buteau J, Roduit R, Susini S, Prentki M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes DNA synthesis, activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and increases transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) DNA binding activity in beta (INS-1)-cells. Diabetologia 1999; 42:856-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perfetti R, Zhou J, Doyle ME, and Egan JM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces cell proliferation and pancreatic-duodenum homeobox-1 expression and increases endocrine cell mass in the pancreas of old, glucose- intolerant rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4600-4605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perfetti R, Zhou J, Doyle ME, and Egan JM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces cell proliferation and pancreatic-duodenum homeobox-1 expression and increases endocrine cell mass in the pancreas of old, glucose- intolerant rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4600-4605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou J, Wang X, Pineyro MA, and Egan JM. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and exendin-4 convert pancreatic AR42J cells into glucagons- and insulin-produsing cells. Diabetes 1990, 48: 2358-2366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou J, Wang X, Pineyro MA, and Egan JM. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and exendin-4 convert pancreatic AR42J cells into glucagons- and insulin-produsing cells. Diabetes 1990, 48: 2358-2366.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y, Hansotia T, Yusta B, Ris F, Halban PA, and Drucker DJ. Glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor signaling modulates beta cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 471-478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y, Hansotia T, Yusta B, Ris F, Halban PA, and Drucker DJ. Glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor signaling modulates beta cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 471-478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah P, Vella A, Rizza RA. Glucagon physiology, pathophysiology and prospects of glucagons antagonists for the treatment of diabetes. Int Diabetes Monitor 2005; 17(6): 3-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah P, Vella A, Rizza RA. Glucagon physiology, pathophysiology and prospects of glucagons antagonists for the treatment of diabetes. Int Diabetes Monitor 2005; 17(6): 3-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore MC, Cherrington AD. Regulation of net hepatic glucose uptake: interaction of neural and pancreatic mechanisms. Reprod Nutr Dev 1996; 36: 399-406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore MC, Cherrington AD. Regulation of net hepatic glucose uptake: interaction of neural and pancreatic mechanisms. Reprod Nutr Dev 1996; 36: 399-406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wettergren A, Schjoldager B, Mortensen PE et al. Truncated GLP-1 (proglucagon 78-107-amide) inhibits gastric and pancreatic functions in man. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 665-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wettergren A, Schjoldager B, Mortensen PE et al. Truncated GLP-1 (proglucagon 78-107-amide) inhibits gastric and pancreatic functions in man. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 665-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutzwiller JP, Drewe J, Goke B et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces food intake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R1541-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutzwiller JP, Drewe J, Goke B et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces food intake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R1541-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, and Holst JJ. Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet 2002; 359: 824-830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, and Holst JJ. Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet 2002; 359: 824-830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nauck MA, Homberger E, Siegel EG et al. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 492-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nauck MA, Homberger E, Siegel EG et al. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 492-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nauck MA, Bartels E, _rskov C et al. Additive insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide- 1-(7-36) amide infused at near- physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 912-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nauck MA, Bartels E, _rskov C et al. Additive insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide- 1-(7-36) amide infused at near- physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 912-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, _rskov C et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 301-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, _rskov C et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 301-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kjems LL, Holst JJ, Volund A, Madsbad S. The influence of GLP-1 on glucose- stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 2003; 52: 380-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kjems LL, Holst JJ, Volund A, Madsbad S. The influence of GLP-1 on glucose- stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 2003; 52: 380-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilsbol T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Defective amplification of the late phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese Type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1111-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilsbol T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Defective amplification of the late phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese Type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1111-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deacon CF, Johnsen AH, Holst JJ. Degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 by human plasma in vitro yields an N-terminally truncated peptide that is a major endogenous metabolite in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 952-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deacon CF, Johnsen AH, Holst JJ. Degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 by human plasma in vitro yields an N-terminally truncated peptide that is a major endogenous metabolite in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 952-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkers DG. Pharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4): a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Rept 2004; 117: 77-88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkers DG. Pharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4): a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Rept 2004; 117: 77-88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">gan JM, Clocquet AR, Elahi D. The insulinotropic effect of acute exendin-4 administered to humans: comparison of nondiabetic state to type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(3): 1282-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">gan JM, Clocquet AR, Elahi D. The insulinotropic effect of acute exendin-4 administered to humans: comparison of nondiabetic state to type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(3): 1282-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degn KB, Brock B, Juhl CB et al. Effect of intravenous infusion of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) on glucose-dependent insulin secretion and couterregulation during hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2004; 53(9): 2397-403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degn KB, Brock B, Juhl CB et al. Effect of intravenous infusion of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) on glucose-dependent insulin secretion and couterregulation during hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2004; 53(9): 2397-403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fehse FC, Trautmann ME, Holst JJ, Halseth AE et al. Exenatide augments first- and second-phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5991-5997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fehse FC, Trautmann ME, Holst JJ, Halseth AE et al. Exenatide augments first- and second-phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5991-5997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolterman OG, Buse JB, Fineman MS, Gaines E et al. Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3082-3089.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolterman OG, Buse JB, Fineman MS, Gaines E et al. Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3082-3089.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolterman O, Kim DD, Shen L, Ruggles JA et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62: 173-181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolterman O, Kim DD, Shen L, Ruggles JA et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62: 173-181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edwards CMB, Stanley SA, Davis R et al. Exendin-4 reduses fasting and postprandial glucose decreases energy intake in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281(1): E155-61.2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edwards CMB, Stanley SA, Davis R et al. Exendin-4 reduses fasting and postprandial glucose decreases energy intake in healthy volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281(1): E155-61.2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fineman MS, Bicsak TA, Shen LZ, et al. Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(8): 2370-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fineman MS, Bicsak TA, Shen LZ, et al. Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(8): 2370-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poon T, Nelson P, Shen L et al. Exenatide improves glycemic control and reduces body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a dose-ranging study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005; 7(3): 467-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poon T, Nelson P, Shen L et al. Exenatide improves glycemic control and reduces body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a dose-ranging study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005; 7(3): 467-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeFronzo R, Ratner R, Han J et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(5): 1092-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeFronzo R, Ratner R, Han J et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(5): 1092-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buse J, Henry R, Han J et al. Effests of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(11): 2628-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buse J, Henry R, Han J et al. Effests of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(11): 2628-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(5):1083-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(5):1083-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratner RE, Maggs D, Nielsen LL, Stonehouse AH et al. Long term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycemic control and weight in over-weigt metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; In Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratner RE, Maggs D, Nielsen LL, Stonehouse AH et al. Long term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycemic control and weight in over-weigt metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; In Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D, Trautmann ME, Limmer J et al. Exenatide reduzierte HbA1c und gewicht uber 82 wochen bei patienten mit typ-2 diabetes [abstract no. V-20]. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 2005; 14(1): 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D, Trautmann ME, Limmer J et al. Exenatide reduzierte HbA1c und gewicht uber 82 wochen bei patienten mit typ-2 diabetes [abstract no. V-20]. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 2005; 14(1): 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D, Trautmann ME, Schonamsqruber E et al. Exenatide reduzierte HbA1c und gewicht uber 82 wochen bei mit metformin und sulfonylharnstoff behandelten patienten mit typ-2 diabetes [abstract no.P-349]. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 2005; 14(1): 161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D, Trautmann ME, Schonamsqruber E et al. Exenatide reduzierte HbA1c und gewicht uber 82 wochen bei mit metformin und sulfonylharnstoff behandelten patienten mit typ-2 diabetes [abstract no.P-349]. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 2005; 14(1): 161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kendall DM, Kim D, Poon T et al. Improvements in cardiovascular risk factors accompanied sustained effects on glycemia and weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide for 82 wk [abstract no.16-OR]. Diabetes 2005; 54(1):A4-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kendall DM, Kim D, Poon T et al. Improvements in cardiovascular risk factors accompanied sustained effects on glycemia and weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide for 82 wk [abstract no.16-OR]. Diabetes 2005; 54(1):A4-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm M, et al. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(8):559-569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm M, et al. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(8):559-569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fineman MS, Shen LZ, Taylor K, Kim DD, Baron AD. Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20:411-417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fineman MS, Shen LZ, Taylor K, Kim DD, Baron AD. Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20:411-417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maggs D, Kim D, Holcombe J, et al. Exenatide induced reduction in A1C and body weight in long-term trials are not explained by gastrointestinal side effects [abstract no.485-P]. Diabetes 2005; 54(1): A120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maggs D, Kim D, Holcombe J, et al. Exenatide induced reduction in A1C and body weight in long-term trials are not explained by gastrointestinal side effects [abstract no.485-P]. Diabetes 2005; 54(1): A120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
