<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM2013411-16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-3847</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Генетические основы сахарного диабета 2 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genetic framework of type 2 diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондарь</surname><given-names>Ирина Аркадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondar'</surname><given-names>Irina Arkad'evna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Endocrinology Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bondaria@oblmed.nsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабельникова</surname><given-names>Олеся Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabel'nikova</surname><given-names>Olesya Yur'evna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Regional Diabetic Center</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">odc@oblmed.nsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет, Новосибирск</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ НСО Новосибирская областная клиническая больница, Новосибирск</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Regional Hospital, Novosibirsk</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бондарь И.А., Шабельникова О.Ю., 2013</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бондарь И.А., Шабельникова О.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bondar' I.A., Shabel'nikova O.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/3847">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/3847</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время описано более 100 генов, ассоциированных с риском развития сахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2). В обзоре приведены гены, связанные с развитием СД2, продукты, которые влияют на секрецию инсулина, адипогенез, инсулинорезистентность, однако для большинства генов точные молекулярные механизмы участия в патогенезе СД2 окончательно не установлены. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>More than 100 genes associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are now established. Most of them affect insulin secretion, adipogenesis and insulin resistance, but the exact molecular mechanisms determining their involvement in the pathogenesis of T2DM are not understood completely. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>дисфункция бета-клеток</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>beta-cell dysfunction</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Российский Фонд Фундаментальных Исследований (РФФИ), грант №13-04-00520</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeFronzo RA. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773–795. doi: 10.2337/db09-9028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeFronzo RA. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773–795. doi: 10.2337/db09-9028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobberling J, Tillil H. Empirical risk figures for first degree relatives of non-insulin dependent diabetics. In Kobberling J and Tattersall R. The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus. London: Academic Press;1982. p 201–209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobberling J, Tillil H. Empirical risk figures for first degree relatives of non-insulin dependent diabetics. In Kobberling J and Tattersall R. The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus. London: Academic Press;1982. p 201–209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rich SS. Mapping genes in diabetes. Genetic epidemiological perspective. Diabetes 1990;39(11):1315–1319. doi: 10.2337/diab.39.11.1315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rich SS. Mapping genes in diabetes. Genetic epidemiological perspective. Diabetes 1990;39(11):1315–1319. doi: 10.2337/diab.39.11.1315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Parental transmission of type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes. 2000;(49):2201–2217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Parental transmission of type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes. 2000;(49):2201–2217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newman B, Selby JV, King MC, Slemenda C, Fabsitz R, Friedman GD. Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia. 1987;30(10):763–768. doi: 10.1007/BF00275741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newman B, Selby JV, King MC, Slemenda C, Fabsitz R, Friedman GD. Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia. 1987;30(10):763–768. doi: 10.1007/BF00275741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, Romanov K, Reunanen A, Eriksson J, et al. Concordance for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia. 1992; 35(11):1060–1067. doi: 10.1007/BF02221682.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, Romanov K, Reunanen A, Eriksson J, et al. Concordance for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia. 1992; 35(11):1060–1067. doi: 10.1007/BF02221682.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1990;6(1):1–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1990;6(1):1–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigorescu F, Attaoua R, Ait El Mkadem S, Radian Ş. Susceptibility genes for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In Cheţa D (ed). Genetics of diabetes. The Truth Unveiled. Ed Acad. Rom, Bucureşti &amp; S. Karger AG, Basel. 2010;131–192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorescu F, Attaoua R, Ait El Mkadem S, Radian Ş. Susceptibility genes for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In Cheţa D (ed). Genetics of diabetes. The Truth Unveiled. Ed Acad. Rom, Bucureşti &amp; S. Karger AG, Basel. 2010;131–192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS, et al. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(18):1838-1849. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS, et al. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(18):1838-1849. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waterfield T, Gloyn AL, Monogenic β-cell dysfunction in children: clinical phenotypes, genetic etiology and mutational pathways. Pediatr Health. 2008;(2):517–532.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waterfield T, Gloyn AL, Monogenic β-cell dysfunction in children: clinical phenotypes, genetic etiology and mutational pathways. Pediatr Health. 2008;(2):517–532.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов ВИ. Геномика – медицине. М: Академкнига; 2005.392 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Иванов ВИ. Геномика – медицине. М: Академкнига; 2005.392 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, et al. Molecular scanning of the human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g (hPPARg) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPARg2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;241(2):270–274. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7798.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, et al. Molecular scanning of the human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g (hPPARg) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPARg2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;241(2):270–274. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deeb SS, Fajas L, Nemoto M, Pihlajamaki J, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, et al. A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARg2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet. 1998;20(3):284–287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deeb SS, Fajas L, Nemoto M, Pihlajamaki J, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, et al. A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARg2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet. 1998;20(3):284–287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, Nemesh J, et al. The common PPARg Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2000;26(1):76–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, Nemesh J, et al. The common PPARg Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2000;26(1):76–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velho G, Froguel P. Missense mutations in the pancreatic islet beta cell inwardly rectifying K+ channel gene (KIR6.2/BIR): a meta-analysis suggests a role in the polygenic basis of Type II diabetes mellitus in Caucasians. Diabetologia. 1998;41(12):1511–1515. doi: 10.1007/s001250051098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velho G, Froguel P. Missense mutations in the pancreatic islet beta cell inwardly rectifying K+ channel gene (KIR6.2/BIR): a meta-analysis suggests a role in the polygenic basis of Type II diabetes mellitus in Caucasians. Diabetologia. 1998;41(12):1511–1515. doi: 10.1007/s001250051098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gloyn AL, Weedon MN, Owen KR, Turner MJ, Knight BA, Hitman G, et al. Large-scale association studies of variants in genes encoding the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel subunits Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR1 (ABCC8) confirm that the KCNJ11 E23K variant is associated with type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes. 2003;52(2):568–572. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gloyn AL, Weedon MN, Owen KR, Turner MJ, Knight BA, Hitman G, et al. Large-scale association studies of variants in genes encoding the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel subunits Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR1 (ABCC8) confirm that the KCNJ11 E23K variant is associated with type 2 diabetes.. Diabetes. 2003;52(2):568–572. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vionnet N, Hani EH, Dupont S, Gallina S, Francke S, Dotte S, et al. Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21–q24. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67(6):1470–1480. doi: 10.1086/316887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vionnet N, Hani EH, Dupont S, Gallina S, Francke S, Dotte S, et al. Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21–q24. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67(6):1470–1480. doi: 10.1086/316887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humphreys K, Wahlestedt C, Brookes AJ, Efendic S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region of the adiponectin (APM1) gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in Swedish Caucasians. Diabetes. 2004; 53(1):31–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humphreys K, Wahlestedt C, Brookes AJ, Efendic S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the proximal promoter region of the adiponectin (APM1) gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in Swedish Caucasians. Diabetes. 2004; 53(1):31–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hara K, Boutin P, Mori Y, Tobe K, Dina C, Yasuda K, et al. Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population.. Diabetes. 2002;51(2):536–540. PMID: 11812766.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hara K, Boutin P, Mori Y, Tobe K, Dina C, Yasuda K, et al. Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population.. Diabetes. 2002;51(2):536–540. PMID: 11812766.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigorescu F, Attaoua R, Ait El Mkadem S, Radian S. Susceptibility genes for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In Cheţa D (ed). Genetics of diabetes. The Truth Unveiled. Ed Acad Rom, Bucureşti &amp; S. Karger AG, Basel. 2010; pp.131–192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorescu F, Attaoua R, Ait El Mkadem S, Radian S. Susceptibility genes for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In Cheţa D (ed). Genetics of diabetes. The Truth Unveiled. Ed Acad Rom, Bucureşti &amp; S. Karger AG, Basel. 2010; pp.131–192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynisdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Benediktsson R, Sigurdsson G, Emilsson V, Einarsdottir AS, et al. Localization of a Susceptibility Gene for Type 2 Diabetes to Chromosome 5q34–q35.2. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003;73(2):323–335. doi: 10.1086/377139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynisdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Benediktsson R, Sigurdsson G, Emilsson V, Einarsdottir AS, et al. Localization of a Susceptibility Gene for Type 2 Diabetes to Chromosome 5q34–q35.2. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003;73(2):323–335. doi: 10.1086/377139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant SFA, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Manolescu A, Sainz J, et al. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2006;38(3):320–323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grant SFA, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Manolescu A, Sainz J, et al. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2006;38(3):320–323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Florez JC. The new type 2 diabetes gene TCF7L2. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(4):391–396. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3281e2c9be.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Florez JC. The new type 2 diabetes gene TCF7L2. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(4):391–396. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3281e2c9be.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cauchi S, El Achhab Y, Choquet H, Dina C, Krempler F, Weitgasser R, et al. TCF7L2 is reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups: a global meta-analysis.. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007;85(7):777–782. doi: 10.1007/s00109-007-0203-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cauchi S, El Achhab Y, Choquet H, Dina C, Krempler F, Weitgasser R, et al. TCF7L2 is reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups: a global meta-analysis.. J Mol Med (Berl). 2007;85(7):777–782. doi: 10.1007/s00109-007-0203-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyssenko V, Lupi R, Marchetti P, del Guerra S, Orho-Melander M, Almgren P, et al. Mechanisms by which common variants in the TCF7L2 gene increase risk of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(8):2155–2163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyssenko V, Lupi R, Marchetti P, del Guerra S, Orho-Melander M, Almgren P, et al. Mechanisms by which common variants in the TCF7L2 gene increase risk of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(8):2155–2163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schäfer SA, Machicao F, Fritsche A, Häring H, Kantartzis K. New type 2 diabetes risk genes provide new insights in insulin secretion mechanisms. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;93 Suppl 1:9–24. doi: 10.1016/S0168–8227(11)70008-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schäfer SA, Machicao F, Fritsche A, Häring H, Kantartzis K. New type 2 diabetes risk genes provide new insights in insulin secretion mechanisms. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;93 Suppl 1:9–24. doi: 10.1016/S0168–8227(11)70008-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farch K, Pilgaard K, Knop FK, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jorgensen T, et al. Incretin and pancreatic hormone secretion in Caucasian non-diabetic carriers of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 risk T allele. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(1):91–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01675.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farch K, Pilgaard K, Knop FK, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jorgensen T, et al. Incretin and pancreatic hormone secretion in Caucasian non-diabetic carriers of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 risk T allele. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(1):91–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01675.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M, Li C, Guan W. Evaluation of coverage variation of SNP chips for genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16(5):635–643. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5202007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M, Li C, Guan W. Evaluation of coverage variation of SNP chips for genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16(5):635–643. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5202007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–589. doi: 10.1038/ng.609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–589. doi: 10.1038/ng.609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott RA, Lagou V, Welch RP. Large-scale association study using the Metabochip array reveals new loci influencing glycemic traits and provides insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):991–1005. doi: 10.1038/ng.2385</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott RA, Lagou V, Welch RP. Large-scale association study using the Metabochip array reveals new loci influencing glycemic traits and provides insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):991–1005. doi: 10.1038/ng.2385</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franks PW. Genetic risk scores ascertained in early adulthood and the prediction of type 2 diabetes later in life. Diabetologia. 2012;55(10):2555–2558. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2683-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franks PW. Genetic risk scores ascertained in early adulthood and the prediction of type 2 diabetes later in life. Diabetologia. 2012;55(10):2555–2558. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2683-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanghera DK, Blackett PR. Type 2 Diabetes Genetics: Beyond GWAS. J Diabetes Metab. 2012;3(05):2–17. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanghera DK, Blackett PR. Type 2 Diabetes Genetics: Beyond GWAS. J Diabetes Metab. 2012;3(05):2–17. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott LJ, Mohlke KL, Bonnycastle LL, Willer CJ, Li Y, Duren WL, et al. A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science. 2007;316(5829):1341–1345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott LJ, Mohlke KL, Bonnycastle LL, Willer CJ, Li Y, Duren WL, et al. A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants. Science. 2007;316(5829):1341–1345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeggini E, Weedon MN, Lindgren CM, Frayling TM, Elliott KS, Lango H Timpson NJ, et al. Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Science. 2007;316(5829):1336–1134. doi: 10.1126/science.1142364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeggini E, Weedon MN, Lindgren CM, Frayling TM, Elliott KS, Lango H Timpson NJ, et al. Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Science. 2007;316(5829):1336–1134. doi: 10.1126/science.1142364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sladek R, Rocheleau G, Rung J, Dina C, Shen L, Serre D, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2007;445(7130):881–885. doi: 10.1038/nature05616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sladek R, Rocheleau G, Rung J, Dina C, Shen L, Serre D, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2007;445(7130):881–885. doi: 10.1038/nature05616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–589. doi: 10.1038/ng.609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, et al. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(7):579–589. doi: 10.1038/ng.609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyssenko V, Nagorny CLF, Erdos MR. A common variant in the melatonin receptor gene (MTNR1B) is associated with increased risk of future type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion. Nat Genet. 2008;41(1):82–88. doi: 10.1038/ng.288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyssenko V, Nagorny CLF, Erdos MR. A common variant in the melatonin receptor gene (MTNR1B) is associated with increased risk of future type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion. Nat Genet. 2008;41(1):82–88. doi: 10.1038/ng.288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
