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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM13469</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-13469</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммуногенетико-метаболические профили у здоровых сибсов пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immunogenetic–metabolic profiles in clinically healthy siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-4636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнева</surname><given-names>К. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneva</surname><given-names>K. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корнева Ксения Георгиевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры эндокринологии и внутренних болезней</p><p>603000, Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1 </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kseniya G. Korneva, MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, 603000 Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksenkor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-5732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безлепкина</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezlepkina</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Безлепкина Ольга Борисовна, д.м.н., профессор, директор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga B. Bezlepkina, MD, PhD, Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.bezlepkina@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-2729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стронгин</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strongin</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стронгин Леонид Григорьевич, д.м.н., профессор кафедры эндокринологии и внутренних болезней</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid G. Strongin, MD, PhD, Professor</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malstrong@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7589-7558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колбасина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolbasina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колбасина Елена Владимировна, заведующий отделением эндокринологии</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Kolbasina, MD</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gele-04@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6904-1284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Будылина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Budylina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Будылина Марина Валерьевна, к.м.н, доцент кафедры педиатрии, заведующий отделением детской эндокринологии, гастроэнтерологии и педиатрии</p><p>Чебоксары</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Budylina, MD, PhD</p><p>Cheboksary</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m-budylina2007@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7142-5080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макеева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makeeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макеева Наталья Валерьевна, заведующий эндокринологическим отделением </p><p>Йошкар-Ола </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataiya V. Makeeva, MD</p><p>Yoshkar-Ola</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makeevanat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии имени академика И.И Дедова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Нижегородская областная детская клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Nizhny Novgorod Regional Children’s Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова; Республиканская детская клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University; Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Детская республиканская клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>213</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Корнева К.Г., Безлепкина О.Б., Стронгин Л.Г., Колбасина Е.В., Будылина М.В., Макеева Н.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корнева К.Г., Безлепкина О.Б., Стронгин Л.Г., Колбасина Е.В., Будылина М.В., Макеева Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korneva K.G., Bezlepkina O.B., Strongin L.G., Kolbasina E.V., Budylina M.V., Makeeva N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13469">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13469</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ</title><p>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Клинически здоровые сибсы пациентов с сахарным диабетом 1 типа (СД1) характеризуются иммуногенетической и метаболической гетерогенностью, что ограничивает точность оценки индивидуального риска при использовании отдельных маркеров. Комплексная оценка HLA-риска, статуса аутоантител (ААТ) и метаболических показателей может улучшить выявление доклинических стадий заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Выявить иммуногенетико-метаболические профили среди клинически здоровых сибсов пациентов с СД1 на основе интеграции HLA-риска, статуса ААТ и метаболических показателей, а также оценить их потенциальное значение в характеристике доклинической стадии заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В многоцентровое проспективное когортное исследование включены 420 участников: 254 пациента с впервые выявленным СД1 (0–17 лет) и 166 их здоровых сибсов. Определяли ААТ (IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, ICA), гликированный гемоглобин (HbA1c) и С-пептид, выполняли HLA-типирование аллелей локусов II класса HLA-DR и HLA-DQ. Для выделения профилей использовали двухэтапный кластерный анализ. Применяли непараметрические методы, χ², логистическую регрессию, ROC-анализ и анализ бессобытийной выживаемости (p&lt;0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Среди 166 сибсов двухэтапный кластерный анализ (силуэтная мера 0,49) выделил четыре иммуногенетико-метаболических профиля: изолированный генетический (21%) — высокий HLA-риск без ААТ и метаболических нарушений; ранний аутоиммунный (22%) — ≥1 ААТ и высокий HLA-риск без выраженных метаболических изменений; метаболический (27%) — отсутствие ААТ, снижение С-пептида и преобладание низкого/промежуточного HLA-риска; комбинированный (31%) — ≥1 ААТ, HbA1c ≥5,4% у 100%, сниженный С-пептид&lt;0,54 нг/мл у 24% и высокий HLA-риск у 59%. За 7,1 года СД1 развился у 4,2% сибсов, чаще в комбинированном профиле (7,8%) при отсутствии статистически значимых различий. ZnT8A были ассоциированы с принадлежностью к комбинированному профилю. Медиана числа ААТ была выше при дебюте СД1 (3 против 0; p=0,006). Включение сниженного С-пептида сопровождалось увеличением дискриминантной способности модели (AUC=0,857).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Среди клинически здоровых сибсов пациентов с СД1 выявлены различные иммуногенетико-метаболические профили, определяемые сочетанием HLA-риска, статуса ААТ и метаболических показателей. Профиль, сочетающий аутоиммунную активность и признаки снижения функционального резерва β-клеток, характеризовался более высокой частотой манифестации СД1.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND: Clinically healthy siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) exhibit immunogenetic and metabolic heterogeneity, which limits the accuracy of individual risk assessment when single markers are used. Integration of HLA risk, islet autoantibody (AAb) status, and metabolic parameters may improve identification of the preclinical stages of T1D.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM: To identify immunogenetic-metabolic profiles among clinically healthy siblings of patients with T1D based on the integration of HLA risk, AAb status, and metabolic parameters, and to assess their potential role in characterizing the preclinical stage of the disease.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter prospective cohort study included 420 participants: 254 patients with newly diagnosed T1D (aged 0–17 years) and 166 of their healthy siblings. AAb (IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, ICA), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and C-peptide were measured, and HLA typing of class II loci (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) was performed. Immunogenetic-metabolic profiles were identified using two-step cluster analysis. Statistical analyses included nonparametric tests, χ² test, logistic regression, ROC analysis, and event-free survival analysis (p &lt; 0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS: Among the 166 siblings, two-step cluster analysis (silhouette measure 0.49) identified four immunogenetic-metabolic profiles: isolated genetic (21%) — high HLA risk without autoantibodies or metabolic abnormalities; early autoimmune (22%) — ≥1 autoantibody and high HLA risk without significant metabolic changes; metabolic (27%) — absence of autoantibodies, reduced C-peptide, and predominance of low/intermediate HLA risk; and combined (31%) — ≥1 autoantibody, HbA1c ≥5.4% in 100%, reduced C-peptide &lt; 0.54 ng/mL in 24%, and high HLA risk in 59%. During 7.1 years of follow-up, T1D developed in 4.2% of siblings and was numerically more frequent in the combined profile (7.8%) without statistically significant differences . A significant linear trend was observed for increasing frequencies of IA-2A, ZnT8A, and GADA toward T1D onset (p &lt; 0.001). ZnT8A were an independent predictor of belonging to the combined profile. The median number of autoantibody types was higher at T1D onset (3 vs 0; p=0.006). Inclusion of reduced C-peptide was associated with improved discriminative performance of the model (AUC=0.857).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION: Distinct immunogenetic-metabolic profiles were identified in clinically healthy siblings of patients with T1D based on the combination of HLA risk, AAb status, and metabolic parameters. The profile characterized by concurrent autoimmune activity and reduced β-cell functional reserve was characterized by a higher frequency of T1D onset.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>сибсы</kwd><kwd>островковые аутоантитела</kwd><kwd>HLA-риск</kwd><kwd>иммуногенетико-метаболические&#13;
профиль</kwd><kwd>кластерный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1 diabetes</kwd><kwd>siblings</kwd><kwd>islet autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>HLA risk</kwd><kwd>immunogenetic-metabolic profile</kwd><kwd>cluster analysis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена по инициативе авторов без привлечения финансирования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA, et al. Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1964–1974. doi: https://doi.org10.2337/dc15-1419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA, et al. 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