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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM13399</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-13399</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль протеиназ и альфа-1-протеиназного ингибитора в развитии дыхательной недостаточности при SARS-CoV-2-пневмонии у лиц с сахарным диабетом 2 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Role of proteases and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor in the development of respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акбашева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akbasheva</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акбашева Ольга Евгеньевна, д.м.н., доцент</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: O-3576-2016; Scopus Author ID: 6507392477</p><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga E. Akbasheva, PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: O-3576-2016; Scopus Author ID: 6507392477</p><p>2 Moskovsky trakt str., 634050 Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akbashoe@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8667-9306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьяков</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyakov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дьяков Денис Александрович</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57216825945</p><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Московский тракт, д. 2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis A. Dyakov</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57216825945</p><p>2 Moskovsky trakt str., 634050 Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">den66431511@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-736X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спирина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spirina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Спирина Людмила Викторовна, д.м.н., доцент</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: A-7760-2012; Scopus Author ID: 36960462500</p><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila V. Spirina, PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: A-7760-2012; Scopus Author ID: 36960462500</p><p>2 Moskovsky trakt str., 634050 Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">spirinalvl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-4839</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масунов</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masunov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Масунов Владимир Николаевич</p><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir N. Masunov</p><p>2 Moskovsky trakt str., 634050 Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">spirinalvl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-9389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулов</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Меркулов Евгений Дмитриевич</p><p>634050, г. Томск, ул. Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy D. Merkulov</p><p>2 Moskovsky trakt str., 634050 Tomsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evmerc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>304</fpage><lpage>313</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Акбашева О.Е., Дьяков Д.А., Спирина Л.В., Масунов В.Н., Меркулов Е.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Акбашева О.Е., Дьяков Д.А., Спирина Л.В., Масунов В.Н., Меркулов Е.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akbasheva O.E., Dyakov D.A., Spirina L.V., Masunov V.N., Merkulov E.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13399">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13399</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ</title><p>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. SARS-CoV-2-пневмония у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа (СД2) ассоциирована с тяжелым течением и высокой летальностью. Роль α1-протеиназного ингибитора (α1-ПИ) в регуляции протеолитической активности при COVID-19 у этой категории лиц остается недостаточно изученной.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить активность α1-ПИ, эластазо- (ЭПП) и трипсиноподобных протеиназ (ТПП) в плазме крови у пациентов с СД2, заболевших COVID-19, и разработать прогностическую модель риска дыхательной недостаточности (ДН). МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Проведено проспективное обсервационное исследование с участием 172 человек, распределенных на 4 группы: пациенты с SARS-CoV-2-пневмонией без СД2 (n=70), пациенты с СД2 без инфекции (n=32), пациенты с СД2 и пневмонией (n=15) и практически здоровые лица (n=30). Определяли активность α1-ПИ, ЭПП, ТПП, ангиотензинпревращающего фермента (АПФ), концентрацию протеиназо-активируемый рецептор 4 типа (PAR-4), С-реактивного белка, глюкозы, С-пептида и тиобарбитуровой кислоты (ТБК)-активных продуктов продуктов. Использовали непараметрические методы, корреляционный анализ Спирмена и бинарную логистическую регрессию. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У пациентов без СД2 при тяжелой пневмонии выявлен дефицитный тип ответа: активность α1-ПИ снижена на 21% (медиана 23,7 ИЕ/мл [15,1; 33,2] против 30,0 в контроле; p=0,008) на фоне умеренного роста ЭПП и ТПП. У пациентов с СД2 и COVID-19 — профицитный тип: активность α1-ПИ повышена на 41% (42,4 ИЕ/мл [31,8; 53,4]; p=0,023) при выраженной активации ТПП (в 10,9 раза; p&lt;0,001), ЭПП (в 4,3 раза; p&lt;0,001), АПФ (в 2,7 раза) и PAR-4. При прогрессировании ДН содержание PAR-4 снижалось, особенно у пациентов с СД2 (до 0,8 нг/мл при ДН III степени против 6,8 при ее отсутствии; p=0,010). Бинарная логистическая регрессия показала: снижение α1-ПИ у лиц без СД2 повышает риск пневмонии (OR=0,920; 95% ДИ 1,011–1,056; p=0,003), тогда как ее повышение у пациентов с СД2 также ассоциировано с увеличением риска (OR=1,033; 95% ДИ 0,849–0,997; p=0,040). Разработана прогностическая модель ДН (AUC=0,88), включающая активность ЭПП, ТПП, наличие СД2 и степень тяжести инфекции. Активность α1-ПИ в модель не вошла (p&gt;0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. У пациентов с СД2 при COVID-19 наблюдается более выраженная активация протеиназ и двойственная реакция α1-ПИ, что свидетельствует о неэффективности противовоспалительного ответа. Снижение PAR-4 коррелирует с тяжестью ДН. Прогностическая модель позволяет стратифицировать риск ДН у пациентов с СД2.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to severe disease and high mortality. The role of alpha-1 protease inhibitor (α1-PI) in regulating proteolytic activity in this population during COVID-19 remains poorly understood.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM: To evaluate the activity of alpha-1 protease inhibitor (α1-PI), elastase-like proteases (ELP), and trypsin-like proteases (TLP) in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) infected with SARS-CoV-2, and to develop a prognostic model for the risk of respiratory failure (RF).</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study included 172 participants divided into four groups: SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia without T2DM (n=70), T2DM without infection (n=32), T2DM with pneumonia (n=15), and healthy controls (n=30). Plasma levels of α1-PI, elastase- and trypsin-like proteases (ELP, TLP), ACE, PAR-4, CRP, glucose, C-peptide, and TBARS were measured. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, Spearman’s correlation, and binary logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS: In patients without T2DM and severe pneumonia, α1-PI activity was reduced by 21% (23.7 IU/mL [15.1; 33.2] vs. 30.0 in controls; p=0.008), with moderate increases in ELP and TLP. In contrast, T2DM patients with COVID-19 showed a 41% rise in α1-PI (42.4 IU/mL [31.8; 53.4]; p=0.023) alongside marked activation of TLP (10.9-fold; p&lt;0.001), ELP (4.3-fold; p&lt;0.001), ACE (2.7-fold), and PAR-4. PAR-4 declined with worsening respiratory failure (RF), especially in T2DM (0.8 ng/mL in RF grade III vs. 6.8 without RF; p=0.010). Logistic regression showed that lower α1-PI increased pneumonia risk in non-T2DM individuals (OR=0.092; 95% CI 1.011–1.056; p=0.003), while higher α1-PI raised risk in T2DM (OR=1.033; 95% CI 0.849–0.997; p=0.040). A prognostic RF model (AUC=0.88) included ELP, TLP, T2DM status, and infection severity; α1-PI was excluded (p&gt;0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION: In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and COVID-19, a more pronounced protease activation and a dual response of α1-protease inhibitor (α1-PI) are observed, indicating an ineffective anti-inflammatory response. Decreased PAR-4 levels correlate with the severity of respiratory failure (RF). The prognostic model enables risk stratification for RF in T2DM patients.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дыхательная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>протеолиз</kwd><kwd>протеиназо-активируемый рецептор 4 типа</kwd><kwd>логистическая регрессия</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>respiratory failure</kwd><kwd>proteolysis</kwd><kwd>protease-activated receptor 4</kwd><kwd>logistic regression</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовом обеспечении ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К., Железнякова А.В., и др. 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