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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM13319</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-13319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гетерогенность аутоиммунного сахарного диабета у взрослых: данные реальной клинической практики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Heterogeneity of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults: real-world clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-2102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русяева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusyaeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Русяева Надежда Владимировна, аспирант </p><p>117036 Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11 </p><p>Researcher ID: AAY-6365-2021;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57220024968</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Rusyaeva, MD, PhD student</p><p>11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: AAY-6365-2021;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57220024968</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadshul@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-1526</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононенко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кононенко Ирина Владимировна, к.м.н., доцент </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Kononenko, MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: H-5947-2016;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 35744972400</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shakhtarina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0571-8882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викулова</surname><given-names>О. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vikulova</surname><given-names>O. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Викулова Ольга Константиновна, д.м.н., доцент </p><p>Москва</p><p>Researcher ID: AAB-1682-2020;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 8697054500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga K. Vikulova, MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: AAB-1682-2020;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 8697054500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikulova.olga@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3885-8988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнова Ольга Михайловна, д.м.н., профессор, гл.н.с. </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga M. Smirnova, MD, PhD, Professor, chief research associate</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr_smr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-127X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шестакова Марина Владимировна, д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН </p><p>Москва</p><p>Researcher ID: D-9123-2012;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7004195530</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Shestakova, MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the RAS</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: D-9123-2012;</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 7004195530</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shestakova.marina@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>136</fpage><lpage>150</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Русяева Н.В., Кононенко И.В., Викулова О.К., Смирнова О.М., Шестакова М.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Русяева Н.В., Кононенко И.В., Викулова О.К., Смирнова О.М., Шестакова М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rusyaeva N.V., Kononenko I.V., Vikulova O.K., Smirnova O.M., Shestakova M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13319">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13319</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ</title><p>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Аутоиммунный сахарный диабет (СД) у взрослых обладает значительной гетерогенностью. Особое внимание привлекают пациенты с медленным развитием аутоиммунного СД, отсутствием потребности в инсулине в дебюте заболевания. Исследования гетерогенности аутоиммунного СД имеют ключевое значение для разработки персонализированных подходов к лечению, направленных на сохранение функции β-клеток и увеличение длительности инсулиннезависимой фазы заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Изучить гетерогенность аутоиммунного СД у взрослых и выявить факторы, ассоциированные с более поздним назначением инсулинотерапии в реальной клинической практике.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Проведен ретроспективный анализ клинических и лабораторных данных 717 пациентов с дебютом СД в возрасте старше 18 лет, которым в ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» в период 2017–2022 гг. исследованы антитела к антигенам β-клетки (к GAD, IA-2, ICA, ZnT8, инсулину). Использованы данные электронных медицинских карт базы ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» и анкет Базы данных клинико-эпидемиологического мониторинга СД на территории Российской Федерации. Проведено сравнение групп с повышенным и нормальным титром антител и сравнение пациентов с аутоиммунным СД с разным сроком назначения инсулинотерапии.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У 370 пациентов (51,6%) выявлены повышенные антитела к антигенам β-клетки. Комбинация двух и более антител в дебюте СД встречалась у 63,7% пациентов. Чаще были повышены антитела к ZnT8, GAD, IA-2. Пациенты с положительными и отрицательными антителами не различались по возрасту дебюта СД, однако первые в дебюте характеризовались более низким индексом массы тела (ИМТ), большей частотой кетоацидоза, более низким уровнем С-пептида, мочевой кислоты, триглицеридов. У 36,8% пациентов с положительными антителами потребность в инсулине возникала не ранее, чем через 6 месяцев от дебюта заболевания (через 2 [1; 3] года). В дебюте и в первые 5 лет эти пациенты демонстрировали более высокий ИМТ и уровни триглицеридов, С-пептида; 8,9% пациентов с повышенными антителами получали только пероральные сахароснижающие препараты (ПССП) и/или агонисты рецептора глюкагоно-подобного полипептида 1 (арГПП-1) через 3 [2; 7,5] года от дебюта, при этом уровень гликированного гемоглобина составил 6,7 [6,2; 7,75]%.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Аутоиммунный СД у взрослых характеризуется гетерогенностью по темпам снижения функции β-клеток и развития инсулинопотребности. Более позднее назначение инсулинотерапии при аутоиммунном СД ассоциировано со старшим возрастом дебюта заболевания, более высокими ИМТ, уровнем триглицеридов и С-пептида в дебюте заболевания и в динамике. Применение ПССП и/или арГПП1 у пациентов с сохранным уровнем С-пептида может быть рассмотрено при условии регулярного контроля показателей углеводного обмена и уровня С-пептида. Основным патогенетическим средством лечения при аутоиммунном СД остается заместительная инсулинотерапия.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND. To investigate the heterogeneity of autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults and identify factors associated with delayed initiation of insulin therapy in real-world clinical practice.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical and laboratory data from 717 patients with DM onset after the age of 18 who were tested for antibodies against β-cell antigens (GAD, IA-2, ICA, ZnT8, insulin) at the National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology (NMRCE) between 2017 and 2022. Data were obtained from the electronic medical records of the NMRCE database and questionnaires from the nationwide clinical and epidemiological diabetes monitoring system in the Russian Federation. Patients with elevated vs normal antibody titers were compared, as well as patients with autoimmune DM based on the timing of insulin therapy initiation.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Elevated antibodies to β-cell antigens were identified in 370 patients (51.6%). A combination of two or more antibodies at DM onset was found in 63.7% of cases. The most frequently elevated antibodies were ZnT8, GAD, and IA-2. There was no significant difference in age at onset between patients with positive and negative antibodies; however, those with positive antibodies had lower body mass index (BMI), a higher incidence of ketoacidosis, and lower levels of C-peptide, uric acid, and triglycerides at disease onset. Among antibody-positive patients, 36.8% did not require insulin therapy until at least 6 months after disease onset (median: 2 [1; 3] years). During onset and the first 5 years, these patients demonstrated higher BMI, triglycerides, and C-peptide levels. Notably, 8.9% of patients with elevated antibodies were managed exclusively with oral glucose-lowering agents and/or glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for a median of 3 [2; 7.5] years after disease onset, maintaining an HbA1c level of 6.7 [6.2; 7.75]%.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. Autoimmune DM in adults demonstrates heterogeneity in the rate of β-cell function decline and the development of insulin dependence. Later initiation of insulin therapy in autoimmune DM is associated with older age at onset, higher BMI, triglycerides, and C-peptide levels at diagnosis and during follow-up. The use of oral antidiabetic drugs and/or GLP-1 receptor agonists may be considered for patients with preserved C-peptide levels, provided that carbohydrate metabolism and C-peptide levels are regularly monitored. Nonetheless, insulin replacement therapy remains the primary pathogenetic treatment for autoimmune DM.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антитела к β-клеткам поджелудочной железы</kwd><kwd>С-пептид</kwd><kwd>латентный аутоиммунный диабет взрослых</kwd><kwd>медленно прогрессирующий иммуноопосредованный диабет взрослых</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>инсулинопотребность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>β-cell autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>C-peptide</kwd><kwd>latent autoimmune diabetes in adults</kwd><kwd>slowly-evolving immune-mediated diabetes of adults</kwd><kwd>diabetes type 1 diabetes</kwd><kwd>insulin dependence</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregory GA, Robinson TIG, Linklater SE, et al. 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