diaendoСахарный диабетDiabetes mellitus2072-03512072-0378Endocrinology research centre10.14341/DM13248diaendo-13248Research ArticleОригинальные исследованияOriginal StudiesПролактин, эстроген, HbA1c и интерлейкин-12 у незамужних курящих женщин ИракаProlactin, Estrogen, HbA1c and Interleukin-12 in Iraqi Smokers Single Femaleshttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-7578-9276ДжавадГ. С.JawadG. S.

Гуфран С. Джавад 

Багдад 

Ghufran S. Jawad, MSc degree, Assistant Lecturer 

Baghdad 

ghufransalman@uomustansiriyah.edu.iqhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-4152-1169МухаммедР. Д.MohammedR. J.

Рузоль Дж. Мухаммед 

Багдад 

Rosol J. Mohammed, MSc degree, Assistant Lecturer 

Baghdad 

rosol.jm@kus.edu.iqhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-1067-6550ГаннавиЛ. А.GhannawiL. A.

Луджайн А. Ганнави 

Багдад 

Lujain A. Ghannawi, MSc degree, Assistant Lecturer

13 Hay Al-Adil, Baghdad, 1011  

lujainghannawi@uomustansiriyah.edu.iqhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-3671ГхарабК.GharabK.

Карам Гхараб 

Багдад 

Karam Gharab, MSc degree, Assistant Lecturer 

Baghdad 

karammazin@uomustansiriyah.edu.iqhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3912-8103Аль-РубайеХ. Ф.Al-RubayaeH. F.

Хайдер Фадхил Аль-Рубайе 

Багдад 

Haidar F. Al-Rubayae, MD, Assistant Professor 

Baghdad 

dr.haidarf@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-6823-1656ТхамерМ. А.ThamerM. A.

Мухаммед А. Тхамер 

Багдад 

Mohammed A. Thamer, Bachelor’s degree 

Baghdad 

mohamed.amer5221@gmail.comНациональный центр диабета, Университет МустансирияИракNational Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah UniversityIraqАль-Кархский университет наукИракAl Karkh University of ScienceIraq202503122025285442450Copyright © Джавад Г.С., Мухаммед Р.Д., Ганнави Л.А., Гхараб К., Аль-Рубайе Х.Ф., Тхамер М.А., 20252025Джавад Г.С., Мухаммед Р.Д., Ганнави Л.А., Гхараб К., Аль-Рубайе Х.Ф., Тхамер М.А.Jawad G.S., Mohammed R.J., Ghannawi L.A., Gharab K., Al-Rubayae H.F., Thamer M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13248ОБОСНОВАНИЕ

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Курение нарушает эндокринную систему, изменяя уровни ключевых гормонов, таких как эстроген (E2) и пролактин (PRL). Взаимосвязь между курением и половыми гормонами является важной темой исследования. IL-12 — важный цитокин, усиливающий иммунные ответы, особенно способствуя дифференцировке Т-лимфоцитов.

ЦЕЛЬ

ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить влияние курения на функцию иммунной системы путем анализа снижения провоспалительных цитокинов (например, IL-12) и определить, усугубляют ли гормональные различия этот эффект у женщин.

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ

МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Было собрано 90 образцов сыворотки от здоровых незамужних женщин в возрасте 20–29 лет. Образцы разделили на три группы: курящие (n=30), подвергшиеся пассивному (вторичному) курению (лица, подвергающиеся воздействию табачного дыма в окружающей среде) (n=30) и некурящие (контрольная группа, n=30). Курящие женщины были дополнительно разделены на 2 подгруппы: по интенсивности курения в сутки — тяжелые и легкие курильщицы; и по длительности курения — <4 лет и ≥4 лет.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Выявлены значимые различия в уровнях IL-12, PRL и HbA1c между исследуемыми группами (p<0,05). Что касается E2, медиана в группе курящих (медиана=92,68) ниже, чем в контрольной и группе пассивного курения, однако разница статистически незначима.

ВЫВОДЫ

ВЫВОДЫ: Результаты свидетельствуют, что тяжелое курение негативно влияет как на метаболическое здоровье (повышает уровень HbA1c), так и на гормональный баланс у женщин. Кроме того, курение снижает уровень IL-12, что может ослаблять иммунные ответы и отрицательно влиять на общее состояние здоровья. Длительность курения (короткий срок vs. длительный) существенно не изменяла изучаемые показатели.

BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND: Smoking disrupts the endocrine system, altering levels of key hormones such as estrogen (E2) and prolactin (PRL). This makes the relationship between smoking and sex hormones an important research topic. IL-12 is a crucial cytokine that enhances immune responses, particularly in promoting T-cell differentiation. AIM: This study aims to assess the impact of smoking on immune function by analyzing the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12) and determining whether hormonal differences exacerbate this effect in females.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety serum samples were collected from healthy single females, age range (20–29) years old. The samples were divided into three groups: smokers (n=30), secondhand smokers (individuals exposed to tobacco smoke in their environment) (n=30), and non-smokers (control group, n=30). The female smokers were subdivided into 2 sub-groups: the first is based on the rate of smoking per day into heavy and light smokers, and the second group is the duration of smoking years (<4 years) and (≥4 years).

RESULTS

RESULTS: The findings revealed notable variations in the levels of IL-12, PRL, and HbA1c across all the studied groups (p-value <0.05). While, for E2, the (Median=92.68) in the smokers is lower than the control and secondhand smokers groups, the difference is non-significant.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that heavy smoking adversely affects both metabolic health (increases HbA1c level) and hormonal balance in women. Also, smoking does decrease IL-12 levels, which can impair immune responses and affect overall health. While the durations of smoking (short-term vs. long-term) did not lead to notable changes in the outcomes being measured.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.