diaendoСахарный диабетDiabetes mellitus2072-03512072-0378Endocrinology research centre10.14341/DM13217diaendo-13217Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСахарный диабет и гемостаз. Интрига отношений. Часть 1. Дисфункция эндотелияDiabetes mellitus and hemostasis. Intrigue of relationships. Part 1. Endothelial dysfunctionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-5121БерезовскаяГ. А.BerezovskayaG. A.

Березовская Гелена Анатольевна - д.м.н., доцент; ResearcherID: KYR-9204-2024; Scopus Author ID: 56700397600; eLibrary SPIN: 3931-3943.

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8

Gelena A. Berezovskaya - MD, PhD, Associate Professor; ResearcherID: KYR-9204-2024; Scopus Author ID: 56700397600; eLibrary SPIN: 3931-3943.

6-8 Lva Tolstogo street, 197022 Saint Petersburg

berezovgel@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-2394ПетрищевН. Н.PetrishchevN. N.

Петрищев Николай Николаевич - д.м.н., профессор; ResearcherID: H-9236-2019; Scopus Author ID: 7005080867; eLibrary SPIN: 7377-2565.

Санкт-Петербург

Nikolai N. Petrishchev, MD, PhD, Professor; ResearcherID: H-9236-2019; Scopus Author ID: 7005080867; eLibrary SPIN: 7377-2565.

Saint Petersburg

lasmed@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-7275ХалимовЮ. Ш.KhalimovYu. Sh.

Халимов Юрий Шавкатович - д.м.н, профессор; ResearcherID: AFG-7640-2022; Scopus Author ID: 55531165300; eLibrary SPIN: 7315-6746; РИНЦ ID: 464335.

Санкт-Петербург

Yuri Sh. Khalimov - MD, PhD; ResearcherID: AFG-7640-2022; Scopus Author ID: 55531165300; eLibrary SPIN: 7315-6746; РИНЦ ID: 464335

Saint Petersburg

yushkha@gmail.comПервый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. ПавловаРоссияPavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202509102025284376383Copyright © Березовская Г.А., Петрищев Н.Н., Халимов Ю.Ш., 20252025Березовская Г.А., Петрищев Н.Н., Халимов Ю.Ш.Berezovskaya G.A., Petrishchev N.N., Khalimov Y.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13217

Данный обзор литературы является первым в серии статей, посвященных взаимному влиянию сахарного диабета (СД) и нарушений в системе гемостаза, связанных с дисфункцией эндотелия (ДЭ), изменениями активности тромбоцитов, плазменно-коагуляционного звена гемостаза, активности естественных антикоагулянтов и фибринолиза. Проанализированы основные механизмы развития ДЭ, возможности ее выявления не только в научных исследованиях, но и в рутинной клинической практике. Также приведены основные принципы как немедикаментозной, так и медикаментозной коррекции ДЭ. Сделан акцент на возможности использования с этой целью препаратов, обладающих сахароснижающим эффектом и не имеющих его. Высказано мнение о наличии обратного влияния ДЭ на дисбаланс углеводного обмена, которое, по мнению авторов, сможет значительно расширить представление о роли этих нарушений не только в развитии осложнений, но и в патогенезе самого СД.

This literature review is the first in a series of articles devoted to the mutual influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hemostatic disorders associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED), changes in platelet activity, plasma-coagulation link of hemostasis, activity of natural anticoagulants and fibrinolysis. The main mechanisms of development of ED, the possibilities of its detection not only in scientific research, but also in routine clinical practice are analyzed. The main principles of both non-drug and drug correction of ED are also given. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of using for this purpose drugs with and without a hypoglycemic effect. An opinion is expressed about the presence of a reverse effect of ED on the imbalance of carbohydrate metabolism, which, in the opinion of the authors, can significantly expand the understanding of the role of these disorders not only in the development of complications, but also in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus itself.

сахарный диабетэндотелиальная дисфункциягемостазсердечно-сосудистые заболеванияdiabetes mellitusendothelial dysfunctionhemostasiscardiovascular diseasesРабота выполнена по инициативе авторов без привлечения финансированияReferencesCarrizzo A, Izzo C, Oliveti M, et al. The Main Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Vascular Complications: Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperaggregation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(10):2968. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102968Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Oliveti M, et al. The Main Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Vascular Complications: Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperaggregation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(10):2968. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102968Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389(10085):2239-2251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389(10085):2239-2251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2Yuen L, Saeedi P, Riaz M, et al. Projections of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in 2019 and beyond: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107841. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107841Yuen L, Saeedi P, Riaz M, et al. Projections of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in 2019 and beyond: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107841. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107841Ge Y, He D, Shao Y, Wang L, Yan W. Percutaneous coronary intervention in insulin-treated diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2022;27(5):e12953. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12953Ge Y, He D, Shao Y, Wang L, Yan W. Percutaneous coronary intervention in insulin-treated diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2022;27(5):e12953. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12953Liu H, Wang X, Gao H, et al. Physiological and pathological characteristics of vascular endothelial injury in diabetes and the regulatory mechanism of autophagy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1191426. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1191426Liu H, Wang X, Gao H, et al. Physiological and pathological characteristics of vascular endothelial injury in diabetes and the regulatory mechanism of autophagy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1191426. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1191426Lin S, Rocha VM, Taylor R. Artefactual inflation of type 2 diabetes prevalence in WHO STEP surveys. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24(4):477-483. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13213Lin S, Rocha VM, Taylor R. Artefactual inflation of type 2 diabetes prevalence in WHO STEP surveys. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24(4):477-483. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13213Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119Nations U. World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. Department of Economics and Social Affairs PD, editor. New York: United Nations. 2017;46Nations U. World population prospects: the 2017 revision, key findings and advance tables. Department of Economics and Social Affairs PD, editor. New York: United Nations. 2017;46Jovanovic L, Rajkovic M, Subota V, et al. Predictive value of admission glycemia in diabetics with pulmonary embolism compared to non-diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59(5):653-659. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01843-2Jovanovic L, Rajkovic M, Subota V, et al. Predictive value of admission glycemia in diabetics with pulmonary embolism compared to non-diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59(5):653-659. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01843-2Bryk-Wiązania AH, Undas A. Hypofibrinolysis in type 2 diabetes and its clinical implications: from mechanisms to pharmacological modulation. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01372-wBryk-Wiązania AH, Undas A. Hypofibrinolysis in type 2 diabetes and its clinical implications: from mechanisms to pharmacological modulation. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01372-wElrakaybi A, Laubner K, Zhou Q, et al. Cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors - Do anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role? Mol Metab. 2022;64:101549. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101549Elrakaybi A, Laubner K, Zhou Q, et al. Cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors - Do anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role? Mol Metab. 2022;64:101549. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101549Dang Z, Avolio E, Thomas AC, et al. Transfer of a human gene variant associated with exceptional longevity improves cardiac function in obese type 2 diabetic mice through induction of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signalling pathway. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(9):1568-1581. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1840Dang Z, Avolio E, Thomas AC, et al. Transfer of a human gene variant associated with exceptional longevity improves cardiac function in obese type 2 diabetic mice through induction of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signalling pathway. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(9):1568-1581. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1840Izoe Y, Nagao M, Sato K, et al. Dynamic coronary CT Angiography-Estimated coronary flow in Non-Obstructive, Plaque-free coronary Arteries: Association with dyslipidemia and diabetes. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2022;42:101098. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101098Izoe Y, Nagao M, Sato K, et al. Dynamic coronary CT Angiography-Estimated coronary flow in Non-Obstructive, Plaque-free coronary Arteries: Association with dyslipidemia and diabetes. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2022;42:101098. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101098Garcia-Sayan E, Lee M, Stone JR, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican American Adults: The Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2023;205:75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.07.165Garcia-Sayan E, Lee M, Stone JR, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican American Adults: The Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2023;205:75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.07.165Hung MJ, Chang NC, Hu P, et al. Association between Coronary Artery Spasm and the risk of incident Diabetes: A Nationwide population-based Cohort Study. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(12):2630-2640. doi: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.57987Hung MJ, Chang NC, Hu P, et al. Association between Coronary Artery Spasm and the risk of incident Diabetes: A Nationwide population-based Cohort Study. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(12):2630-2640. doi: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.57987Bhatti JS, Sehrawat A, Mishra J, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and related complications: Current therapeutics strategies and future perspectives. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;184:114-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.019Bhatti JS, Sehrawat A, Mishra J, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and related complications: Current therapeutics strategies and future perspectives. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;184:114-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.019Huang Y, Yue L, Qiu J, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperactivation in Diabetic Complications Induced by Glycemic Variability. Horm Metab Res. 2022;54(7):419-428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1880-0978Huang Y, Yue L, Qiu J, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperactivation in Diabetic Complications Induced by Glycemic Variability. Horm Metab Res. 2022;54(7):419-428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1880-0978Jalilian E, Elkin K, Shin SR. Novel Cell-Based and Tissue Engineering Approaches for Induction of Angiogenesis as an Alternative Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3496. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103496Jalilian E, Elkin K, Shin SR. Novel Cell-Based and Tissue Engineering Approaches for Induction of Angiogenesis as an Alternative Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3496. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103496Benítez-Camacho J, Ballesteros A, Beltrán-Camacho L, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells as biomarkers of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-023-03537-8Benítez-Camacho J, Ballesteros A, Beltrán-Camacho L, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells as biomarkers of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-023-03537-8Zhao N, Yu X, Zhu X, et al. Diabetes Mellitus to Accelerated Atherosclerosis: Shared Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2024;17(1):133-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-023-10470-xZhao N, Yu X, Zhu X, et al. Diabetes Mellitus to Accelerated Atherosclerosis: Shared Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2024;17(1):133-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-023-10470-xLi S, Deng J, Sun D, et al. FBXW7 alleviates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial oxidative stress injury via ROS and PARP inhibition. Redox Biol. 2022;58:102530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102530Li S, Deng J, Sun D, et al. FBXW7 alleviates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial oxidative stress injury via ROS and PARP inhibition. Redox Biol. 2022;58:102530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102530Masola V, Zaza G, Arduini A, et al. Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):2996. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062996Masola V, Zaza G, Arduini A, et al. Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(6):2996. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062996Qiu Y, Buffonge S, Ramnath R, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx is damaged in diabetic cardiomyopathy: angiopoietin 1 restores glycocalyx and improves diastolic function in mice. Diabetologia. 2022;65(5):879-894. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05650-4Qiu Y, Buffonge S, Ramnath R, et al. Endothelial glycocalyx is damaged in diabetic cardiomyopathy: angiopoietin 1 restores glycocalyx and improves diastolic function in mice. Diabetologia. 2022;65(5):879-894. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05650-4Ramnath RD, Butler MJ, Newman G, et al. Blocking matrix metalloproteinase-mediated syndecan-4 shedding restores the endothelial glycocalyx and glomerular filtration barrier function in early diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):951-965. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.035Ramnath RD, Butler MJ, Newman G, et al. Blocking matrix metalloproteinase-mediated syndecan-4 shedding restores the endothelial glycocalyx and glomerular filtration barrier function in early diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):951-965. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.035Kaur G, Harris NR. Endothelial glycocalyx in retina, hyperglycemia, and diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2023;324(5):C1061-C1077. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2022Kaur G, Harris NR. Endothelial glycocalyx in retina, hyperglycemia, and diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2023;324(5):C1061-C1077. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2022Ćurko-Cofek B, Jenko M, Taleska Stupica G, et al. The Crucial Triad: Endothelial Glycocalyx, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Cardiac Surgery—Exploring the Molecular Connections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25:10891. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010891Ćurko-Cofek B, Jenko M, Taleska Stupica G, et al. The Crucial Triad: Endothelial Glycocalyx, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Cardiac Surgery—Exploring the Molecular Connections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25:10891. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010891Zheng Y, Luo A, Liu X. The imbalance of mitochondrial Fusion/Fission drives high-Glucose-Induced vascular injury. Biomolecules. 2021;11:1779. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121779Zheng Y, Luo A, Liu X. The imbalance of mitochondrial Fusion/Fission drives high-Glucose-Induced vascular injury. Biomolecules. 2021;11:1779. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121779Васина Л.В., Петрищев Н.Н., Власов Т.Д. Эндотелиальная дисфункция и ее основные маркеры. // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. — 2017. — Т.16. — №1. — С.4-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2017-16-1-4-15Vasina LV, Petrishchev NN, Vlasov TD. Markers of endothelial dysfunction. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2017;16(1):4-15. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2017-16-1-4-15Матвиенко О.Ю., Наместников Ю.А., Головина О.Г., и др. Вклад микрочастиц в развитие гиперкоагуляционного синдрома у пациентов с посттромботической болезнью // Вестник гематологии. — 2011. — Т.7. — №1 — С.112-113.Matvienko OI, Namestnikov IA, Golovina OG, et al. Vklad mikrochastits v razvitie giperkoaguliatsionnogo sindroma u patsientov s posttromboticheskoi bolezniu. Vestnik gematologii. 2011;7(1):112-113. (In Russ.)Матвиенко О.Ю., Наместников Ю.А., Головина О.Г., и др. Гиперкоагуляционный синдром при ишемическом инсульте // Клиническая геронтология. — 2011. — №9-10. — С.34-38.Matvienko OI, Namestnikov IA, Golovina OG, et al. Giperkoaguliatsionnyi sindrom pri ishemicheskom insulte. Klinicheskaia gerontologiia 2011;9-10:34-38. (In Russ.)Петрищев Н.Н., Васина Л.В., Луговая А.В. Содержание растворимых маркеров апоптоза и циркулирующих аннексин V-связанных апоптотических клеток в крови больных острым коронарным синдромом // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. — 2008. — Т.11. — №1. — С.14–23.Petrishchev NN, Vasinа LV, Lugovaya AV. Content of soluble markers of apoptosis and circulating V annexin-connected apoptosistic cells in the blood of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. 2008;11(1):14–23. (In Russ.)Li FX, Xu F, Li CC, et al. Cold Exposure Alleviates T2DM Through Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024;19:10077-10095. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S441847Li FX, Xu F, Li CC, et al. Cold Exposure Alleviates T2DM Through Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024;19:10077-10095. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S441847Lee JH, Lee J. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Its Role in Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Senescence in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):4843. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094843Lee JH, Lee J. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Its Role in Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Senescence in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):4843. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094843Kudo T, Zhao ML, Jeknić S, et al. Context-dependent regulation of lipid accumulation in adipocytes by a HIF1α-PPARγ feedback network. Cell Syst. 2023;14(12):1074-1086.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.010Kudo T, Zhao ML, Jeknić S, et al. Context-dependent regulation of lipid accumulation in adipocytes by a HIF1α-PPARγ feedback network. Cell Syst. 2023;14(12):1074-1086.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.010Rodriguez-Rodriguez AE, Porrini E, Torres A. Beta-Cell Dysfunction Induced by Tacrolimus: A Way to Explain Type 2 Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10311. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910311Rodriguez-Rodriguez AE, Porrini E, Torres A. Beta-Cell Dysfunction Induced by Tacrolimus: A Way to Explain Type 2 Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10311. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910311Власова Т.И., Петрищев Н.Н., Власов Т.Д. Эндотелий и старение: механизмы формирования сенесцентного фенотипа эндотелиальных клеток//Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. — 2023. — Т.22. — №3. — С.19–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2023-22-3-19-33Vlasova TI, Petrishchev NN, Vlasov TD. Endothelium and aging: mechanisms for formation of senescence associated phenotype of endothelial cells. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2023;22(3):19–33. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.24884/1682- 6655-2023-22-3-19-33Liao YL, Fang YF, Sun JX, Dou GR. Senescent endothelial cells: a potential target for diabetic retinopathy. Angiogenesis. 2024;27(4):663-679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-024-09943-7Liao YL, Fang YF, Sun JX, Dou GR. Senescent endothelial cells: a potential target for diabetic retinopathy. Angiogenesis. 2024;27(4):663-679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-024-09943-7Donato AJ, Machin DR, Lesniewski LA. Mechanisms of Dysfunction in the Aging Vasculature and Role in Age-Related Disease. Circ Res. 2018;123(7):825-848. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312563Donato AJ, Machin DR, Lesniewski LA. Mechanisms of Dysfunction in the Aging Vasculature and Role in Age-Related Disease. Circ Res. 2018;123(7):825-848. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312563Akrivou D, Perlepe G, Kirgou P, et al. Pathophysiological Aspects of Aging in Venous Thromboembolism: An Update. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(8):1078. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081078Akrivou D, Perlepe G, Kirgou P, et al. Pathophysiological Aspects of Aging in Venous Thromboembolism: An Update. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(8):1078. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081078McCafferty C, Busuttil-Crellin X, Cai T, et al. Plasma Proteomic Analysis Reveals Age-Specific Changes in Platelet- and Endothelial Cell-Derived Proteins and Regulators of Plasma Coagula tion and Fibrinolysis. J Pediatr. 2020;221S:S29-S36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.051McCafferty C, Busuttil-Crellin X, Cai T, et al. Plasma Proteomic Analysis Reveals Age-Specific Changes in Platelet- and Endothelial Cell-Derived Proteins and Regulators of Plasma Coagula tion and Fibrinolysis. J Pediatr. 2020;221S:S29-S36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.051Yu Y, Li W, Xu L, Wang Y. Circadian rhythm of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1124353. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1124353Yu Y, Li W, Xu L, Wang Y. Circadian rhythm of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1124353. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1124353Dmitrieva NI, Boehm M, Yancey PH, Enhörning S. Long-term health outcomes associated with hydration status. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(5):275-294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00817-1Dmitrieva NI, Boehm M, Yancey PH, Enhörning S. Long-term health outcomes associated with hydration status. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(5):275-294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00817-1Alwafi H, Alsharif AA, Wei L, et al. Incidence and prevalence of hypoglycaemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;170:108522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108522Alwafi H, Alsharif AA, Wei L, et al. Incidence and prevalence of hypoglycaemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;170:108522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108522Manosroi W, Phimphilai M, Waisayanand N, et al. CORE-Thailand investigators. Glycated hemoglobin variability and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective and multicenter study. J Diabetes Investig. 2023;14(12):1391-1400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14073Manosroi W, Phimphilai M, Waisayanand N, et al. CORE-Thailand investigators. Glycated hemoglobin variability and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective and multicenter study. J Diabetes Investig. 2023;14(12):1391-1400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14073Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Martin S. Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01688-6Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Martin S. Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01688-6Foreman YD, van Doorn WPTM, Schaper NC, et al. Greater daily glucose variability and lower time in range assessed with continuous glucose monitoring are associated with greater aortic stiffness: The Maastricht Study. Diabetologia. 2021;64(8):1880-1892. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05474-8Foreman YD, van Doorn WPTM, Schaper NC, et al. Greater daily glucose variability and lower time in range assessed with continuous glucose monitoring are associated with greater aortic stiffness: The Maastricht Study. Diabetologia. 2021;64(8):1880-1892. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05474-8Hu Y, Li Z, Li H, et al. Severe hypoglycaemia-induced microglial inflammation damages microvascular endothelial cells, leading to retinal destruction. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2024;21(4):1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/14791641241278506Hu Y, Li Z, Li H, et al. Severe hypoglycaemia-induced microglial inflammation damages microvascular endothelial cells, leading to retinal destruction. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2024;21(4):1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/14791641241278506Choi SY, Ko SH. Severe hypoglycemia as a preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Korean J Intern Med. 2021;36(2):263-270. doi: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.327Choi SY, Ko SH. Severe hypoglycemia as a preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Korean J Intern Med. 2021;36(2):263-270. doi: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.327Kusunoki Y, Konishi K, Tsunoda T, Koyama H. Significance of Glycemic Variability in Diabetes Mellitus. Intern Med. 2022;61(3):281-290. doi: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8424-21Kusunoki Y, Konishi K, Tsunoda T, Koyama H. Significance of Glycemic Variability in Diabetes Mellitus. Intern Med. 2022;61(3):281-290. doi: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8424-21Balta S. Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammatory Markers of Vascular Disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2021;19(3):243-249. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161118666200421142542Balta S. Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammatory Markers of Vascular Disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2021;19(3):243-249. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161118666200421142542Наумов А.В., Прокофьева Т.В., Полунина О.С., и др. Анализ уровней аннексина V и цитокинового статуса у больных с острым инфарктом миокарда // Медицинский алфавит. — 2022. — №19. — С.33-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-19-33-38Naumov AV, Prokofieva TV, Polunina OS, et al. Analysis of annexin V levels and cytokine status in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Medical alphabet. 2022;(19):33-38. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-19-33-38Хрипун И.А., Моргунов М.Н., Воробьев С.В., и др. Эндотелиальная дисфункция и сахарный диабет 2 типа: новые маркеры ранней диагностики. // Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. — 2016. — Т.15. — №5 — С.59–63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2016-5-59-63Khripun IA, Morgunov MN, Vorobev SV, i dr. Endotelialnaia disfunktsiia i sakharnyi diabet 2 tipa: novye markery rannei diagnostiki. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2016;15(5):59-63. (In Russ.) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2016-5-59-63Gao J, Pan X, Li G, et al. Physical Exercise Protects Against Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2022;15(3):604-620. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-021-10171-3Gao J, Pan X, Li G, et al. Physical Exercise Protects Against Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2022;15(3):604-620. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-021-10171-3Халимов Ю.Ш., Рубцов Ю.Е., Салухов В.В., Агафонов П.В. Ингибиторы натрий-глюкозного транспортера 2-го типа и новые возможности управления сосудистым возрастом у больных сахарным диабетом 2-го типа // Медицинский совет. — 2021. — №12. — С.228–236. doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-12-228-236Khalimov IS, Rubtsov IE, Salukhov VV, Agafonov PV. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose transporter type 2 and new possibilities for managing vascular age in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical Council. 2021;12:228-236. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-12-228-236Nedosugova LV, Markina YV, Bochkareva LA, et al. Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5):1168. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051168Nedosugova LV, Markina YV, Bochkareva LA, et al. Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5):1168. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051168

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.