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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM13070</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-13070</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методы машинного обучения в дифференциальной диагностике сложно классифицируемых типов сахарного диабета</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Machine learning methods in the differential diagnosis of difficult-to-classify types of diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-2102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русяева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusyaeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Русяева Надежда Владимировна – аспирант.</p><p>117036 Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11</p><p>Researcher ID: AAY-6365-2021; Scopus Author ID: 57220024968</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Rusyaeva - MD, PhD student.</p><p>11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: AAY-6365-2021; Scopus Author ID: 57220024968</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadshul@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0935-9004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голодников</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golodnikov</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голодников Иван Иванович - аспирант.</p><p>Москва</p><p>Researcher ID: AAJ-8843-2021; Scopus Author ID: 57208628509</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan I. Golodnikov - MD, PhD student.</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: AAJ-8843-2021; Scopus Author ID: 57208628509</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">golodnikov.ivan@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-1526</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононенко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кононенко Ирина Владимировна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент.</p><p>Москва</p><p>Researcher ID: H-5947-2016; Scopus Author ID: 35744972400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Kononenko - MD, PhD, associate professor.</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: H-5947-2016; Scopus Author ID: 35744972400</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shakhtarina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5656-2596</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никонова Татьяна Васильевна – доктор медицинских наук.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Nikonova - MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatiana_nikonova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-127X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шестакова Марина Владимировна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН.</p><p>Москва</p><p>Researcher ID: D-9123-2012; Scopus Author ID: 7004195530</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Shestakova - MD, PhD, Professor.</p><p>Moscow</p><p>Researcher ID: D-9123-2012; Scopus Author ID: 7004195530</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shestakova.mv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology research centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>483</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Русяева Н.В., Голодников И.И., Кононенко И.В., Никонова Т.В., Шестакова М.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Русяева Н.В., Голодников И.И., Кононенко И.В., Никонова Т.В., Шестакова М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rusyaeva N.V., Golodnikov I.I., Kononenko I.V., Nikonova T.V., Shestakova M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13070">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13070</self-uri><abstract><p>Течение сложно классифицируемых типов сахарного диабета (СД) (медленно развивающийся иммуноопосредован-ный СД взрослых (LADA), моногенные формы СД (MODY)) имеет общие черты как с СД 1 типа (СД1), так и с СД 2 типа (СД2), поэтому зачастую остаются неверно диагностированными. Ошибки в определении типа диабета влекут за собой неверную тактику лечения, что приводит к плохому контролю гликемии, развитию осложнений, снижению качества жизни пациента, увеличению смертности.</p><p>Ключевым методом диагностики MODY служит секвенирование генов, ассоциированных с этим заболеванием, а LADA — иммунологический анализ крови в совокупности с особенностями клинической картины. Однако до сих пор не определены точные критерии для направления пациентов на данные исследования. Выполнение данных исследований всем без исключения пациентам с факторами риска может привести к неоправданным экономическим затратам, кроме того, доступ к ним зачастую затруднен. В связи с этим разработаны различные автоматизированные алгоритмы на основе статистических методов и машинного обучения (глубокие нейросети, «деревья решений» и др.) для выделения пациентов, которым наиболее оправданно проведение углубленного обследования. Среди них — алгоритмы дифференциальной диагностики СД1 и СД2, алгоритмы, специализирующиеся на диагностике только LADA или только MODY, лишь один алгоритм направлен на мультиклассовую классификацию пациентов с СД. Широко применяется один из алгоритмов, направленный на диагностику MODY у пациентов в возрасте до 35 лет. Однако существующие алгоритмы имеют ряд недостатков, как-то: малый размер выборки, исключение из исследования пациентов с MODY или пациентов более старшего возраста, отсутствие верификации диагноза с помощью соответствующих исследований, использование поздних осложнений СД в качестве параметров для диагностики. Зачастую в группу исследователей не входили практикующие врачи. Кроме того, ни один из алгоритмов не находится в открытом доступе и не протестирован для пациентов в России. В данной рукописи представлен анализ основных автоматизированных алгоритмов дифференциальной диагностики СД, разработанных в последние годы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The course of difficult-to-classify types of diabetes mellitus (DM) (slowly developing immune-mediated DM of adults (LADA), monogenic forms of DM (MODY)) has common features with both type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM), so often remain misdiagnosed. Errors in determining the type of diabetes lead to incorrect treatment tactics, which leads to poor glycemic control, the development of complications, a decrease in the patient's quality of life, and increased mortality.</p><p>The key method for diagnosing MODY is sequencing of genes associated with this disease, and LADA is an immunological blood test in combination with the features of the clinical picture. However, the exact criteria for referring patients to these studies have not yet been determined. Performing these studies on all patients without exception with risk factors can lead to unjustified economic costs, and access to them is often difficult. In this regard, various automated algorithms have been developed based on statistical methods and machine learning (deep neural networks, “decision trees”, etc.) to identify patients for whom an in-depth examination is most justified. Among them are algorithms for the differential diagnosis of T1DM and T2DM, algorithms specializing in the diagnosis of only LADA or only MODY, only one algorithm is aimed at multiclass classification of patients with diabetes. One of the algorithms is widely used, aimed at diagnosing MODY in patients under the age of 35 years. However, existing algorithms have a number of disadvantages, such as: small sample size, exclusion of patients with MODY or older patients from the study, lack of verification of the diagnosis using appropriate studies, and the use of late complications of diabetes as parameters for diagnosis. Often the research team did not include practicing physicians. In addition, none of the algorithms are publicly available and have not been tested for patients in Russia. This manuscript presents an analysis of the main automated algorithms for the differential diagnosis of diabetes, developed in recent years.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>алгоритм</kwd><kwd>латентный аутоиммунный диабет взрослых</kwd><kwd>диабет зрелого типа у молодых</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>algorithm</kwd><kwd>latent autoimmune diabetes of adults</kwd><kwd>maturity-onset diabetes of the young</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Грант Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, соглашение 075-15-2022-310 от 20.04.2022 г.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котова Е.Г., Кобякова О.С., Стародубов В.И., и др. 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