<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">diaendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-0351</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2072-0378</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology research centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/DM13041</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">diaendo-13041</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нарушения углеводного обмена, ассоциированные с COVID-19: клинико-морфологическое исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Glucose metabolism disorders associated with COVID-19: clinical and morphological study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-0123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каронова</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karonova</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каронова Татьяна Леонидовна, д.м.н., гл.н.с., профессор </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55812730000</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana L. Karonova, PhD, chief researcher, Associate Professor</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55812730000 </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karonova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6066-3525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлова Арина Алексеевна, клинический ординатор </p><p>197341, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arina A. Mikhailova, clinical resident </p><p>2 Akkuratova street, 197341 Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">armikhaylova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-5278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагутина</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagutina</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лагутина Дарья Ивановна, клинический ординатор </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria I. Lagutina, clinical resident </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daria.lagutina.i@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-7349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьева</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobeva</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воробьева Ольга Михайловна, к.м.н., ассистент </p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57205331117" ext-link-type="uri">57205331117</ext-link></p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga M. Vorobeva, PhD, Assistant </p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57205331117" ext-link-type="uri">57205331117</ext-link> </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgarasp@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7381-3286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoreva</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григорьева Дарья Олеговна, ординатор </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria O. Grigoreva, clinical resident </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">meed1k@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0623-0040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стерхова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sterkhova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стерхова Ксения Анатольевна, ординатор </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia A. Sterkhova, clinical resident </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sterhova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-3750</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малько</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малько Валерия Алексеевна, аспирант </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57280835300 </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeriya A. Malko, PhD student </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57280835300 </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malko_va@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-6580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михеева</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikheeva</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михеева Анна Геннадьевна, аспирант</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna G. Mikheeva, PhD student </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mikheeva_AG@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-6909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черникова</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikova</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черникова Алёна Тимуровна, младший научный сотрудник </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alyona T. Chernikova, junior researcher </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arabicaa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0735-7822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанова</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanova</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Митрофанова Любовь Борисовна, д.м.н., доцент, гл.н.с. </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6603104513</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lubov B. Mitrofanova, PhD, chief researcher, Associate Professor </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6603104513 </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lubamitr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-0980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шляхто</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlyakhto</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шляхто Евгений Владимирович, д.м.н., академик РАН </p><p>Researcher ID: A-6939-2014; Scopus Author ID: 16317213100</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny V. Shlyakhto, MD, PhD, Academician of the RAS</p><p>Researcher ID: A-6939-2014; Scopus Author ID: 16317213100 </p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.shlyakhto@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>515</fpage><lpage>525</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каронова Т.Л., Михайлова А.А., Лагутина Д.И., Воробьева О.М., Григорьева Д.О., Стерхова К.А., Малько В.А., Михеева А.Г., Черникова А.Т., Митрофанова Л.Б., Шляхто Е.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каронова Т.Л., Михайлова А.А., Лагутина Д.И., Воробьева О.М., Григорьева Д.О., Стерхова К.А., Малько В.А., Михеева А.Г., Черникова А.Т., Митрофанова Л.Б., Шляхто Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karonova T.L., Mikhailova A.A., Lagutina D.I., Vorobeva O.M., Grigoreva D.O., Sterkhova K.A., Malko V.A., Mikheeva A.G., Chernikova A.T., Mitrofanova L.B., Shlyakhto E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13041">https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13041</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ</title><p>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Накапливается все больше данных о декомпенсации ранее известных нарушений углеводного обмена (НУО), а также впервые выявленной гипергликемии в остром периоде COVID-19, однако механизмы развития НУО в постковидном периоде до конца не ясны.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Уточнить встречаемость НУО в постковидном периоде у больных, перенесших COVID-19 средней и тяжелой степени, без ранее известных НУО, а также оценить экспрессию белков SARS-CoV-2 и его трансмембранных переносчиков ангиотензин-превращающего фермента 2 (ACE2) и дипептидилпептидазы-4 (DPP4) в эндокринной части поджелудочной железы у больных COVID-19 в острый период заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Проанализированы клинико-анамнестические данные 187 больных в острый период COVID-19, из них в постковидном периоде обследован 141 пациент без ранее установленного диагноза сахарного диабета (СД). В постковидном периоде у всех участников оценены антропометрические данные, определены уровни гликированного гемоглобина (HbA1c), глюкозы плазмы крови натощак, у 106 больных определен уровень инсулина и рассчитан индекс инсулинорезистентности HOMA-IR. Для гистологического исследования отобраны фрагменты поджелудочной железы 20 пациентов с летальным исходом. Иммуногистохимическое исследование выполнено с антителами к SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, DPP4, а также проведена иммунофлюоресцентная микроскопия с двойной меткой (инсулин-SARS-CoV-2, инсулин-ACE2, инсулин-DPP4).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. У 9 (6,3%) из 141 больного в постковидном периоде показатели HbA1c или уровня глюкозы плазмы натощак соответствовали критериям СД, у 38 (26,9%) — были выше нормальных значений (ВОЗ), а при использовании критериев ADA (Американской диабетической ассоциации) количество больных с НУО составило 84 (59,6%). Больные с НУО в постковидном периоде, по сравнению с больными с нормальным уровнем гликемии, имели больший индекс массы тела (ИМТ), индекс НОМА-IR (р=0,001), который превышал значение 2,7 только у 40,4% человек. Больные с НУО имели более высокий уровень С-реактивного белка (р=0,007), максимальный уровень глюкозы (р=0,019) в остром периоде заболевания. Выявлена положительная корреляционная связь ИМТ с индексом HOMA-IR (р&lt;0,001; r=0,389) в остром и постковидном (р&lt;0,001; r=0,412) периодах, а также с уровнем HbA1с (р=0,004, r=0,242). Гистологическое и иммуногистохимическое исследования показали экспрессию белков SARS-CoV-2 в 1,85% [0–15,4] и 11,1% [5,3–14,8] клеток островков Лангерганса у больных, умерших во вторую и третью волны соответственно. Экспрессия ACE2, DPP4 в островках Лангерганса не превышала 0,4 % [0–1,7] и 0,5% [0–0,8] клеток соответственно. Выявлена ко-локализация SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, DPP4 c инсулином.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. НУО в постковидом периоде может быть обусловлено прямым цитотоксическим действием SARS-COV-2, глюкозотоксичностью и повышением инсулинорезистентности на фоне острого инфекционного процесса и его комплексной терапии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND. Glucose metabolism disorders (GMD) were detected both in acute and in post-COVID, however, its pathogenic aspects remain unclear.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. To analyze the occurrence of GMD in post-COVID patients who have had moderate and severe COVID-19 without previously known GMD disorders, and evaluate expression of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and its entry factors in pancreas in acute COVID-19.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>METHODS. Among 187 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 141 patients without previously diagnosed GMD underwent follow-up post-COVID visits. The examination for all patients included anthropometric measurement with calculation of BMI, level of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose, for 106 patients level of insulin and HOMA-IR index was analyzed. For histological examination, pancreas fragments of 20 patients with fatal outcome were selected. Immunohistochemical study was performed with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, DPP4, as well as double-labeled immunofluorescence microscopy (insulin-SARS-CoV-2, insulin-ACE2, insulin-DPP4).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Among 141 patients in post-COVID period, 9 (6.3%) had HbA1c or fasting plasma glucose levels that met criteria for diabetes mellitus, 38 (26.9%) — exceeded normal values (WHO), and 84 (59.6%) had GMD according to criteria of the ADA. In post-COVID, patients with GMD had a higher BMI and HOMA-IR index (p=0.001) compared to patients with normal glycemic levels. Only 40.4% of people had HOMA-IR index above 2.7. Patients with GMD had higher level of CRP (p=0.007) and a maximum glucose level (p=0.019) in the acute period. Positive relationship was found between BMI and HOMA index both in acute (p&lt;0.001; r=0.389) and post-COVID (p&lt;0.001; r=0.412) periods, as well as the level of HbA1c in acute period (p=0.019, r=0.202) and in post-COVID (p=0.004, r=0.242).</p><p>Histological and immunohistochemical studies showed the expression of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in 1.85% [0–15.4] and 11.1% [5.3–14.8] cells of the Langerhans islets in patients who died on the second and third waves, respectively. The expression of ACE2 and DPP4 in the islets of Langerhans did not exceed 0.4% [0–1.7] and 0.5% [0–0.8] of cells, respectively. Double-labeled immunofluorescence microscopy showed co-localization of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, DPP4 with insulin.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. Post-COVID Glucose metabolism disorders may be explained by direct cytotoxic effect of SARS-COV-2, increased glucose toxicity and insulin resistance because of the acute infection and its complex therapy.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>DPP4</kwd><kwd>ACE 2</kwd><kwd>постковидный период</kwd><kwd>нарушения углеводного обмена</kwd><kwd>HOMA-IR</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>DPP4</kwd><kwd>ACE2</kwd><kwd>post-COVID</kwd><kwd>glucose metabolism disorders</kwd><kwd>HOMA-IR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (Соглашение № 075-15-2022-301 от 20.04.2022).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-544. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-544. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clarke SA, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review. Endocrinology. 2022;163(1):bqab203. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clarke SA, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System: A Mini-review. Endocrinology. 2022;163(1):bqab203. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqab203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mirza SA, Sheikh AAE, Barbera M, et al. COVID-19 and the endocrine system: A review of the current information and misinformation. Infect Dis Rep. 2022;14(2):184-197. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14020023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirza SA, Sheikh AAE, Barbera M, et al. COVID-19 and the endocrine system: A review of the current information and misinformation. Infect Dis Rep. 2022;14(2):184-197. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14020023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millette K, Cuala J, Wang P, et al. SARS-CoV2 infects pancreatic beta cells in vivo and induces cellular and subcellular disruptions that reflect beta cell dysfunction. Preprint. Res Sq. 2021;rs.3.rs-592374. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-592374/v1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millette K, Cuala J, Wang P, et al. SARS-CoV2 infects pancreatic beta cells in vivo and induces cellular and subcellular disruptions that reflect beta cell dysfunction. Preprint. Res Sq. 2021;rs.3.rs-592374. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-592374/v1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coate KC, Cha J, Shrestha S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in β cells. Cell Metab. 2020;32(6):1028-1040.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coate KC, Cha J, Shrestha S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in β cells. Cell Metab. 2020;32(6):1028-1040.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang L, Han Y, Nilsson-Payant BE, et al. A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(1):125-136.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang L, Han Y, Nilsson-Payant BE, et al. A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(1):125-136.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, et al. ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(9):2128-2130.e2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, et al. ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(9):2128-2130.e2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fignani D, Licata G, Brusco N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-Cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;(11). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.596898</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fignani D, Licata G, Brusco N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-Cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;(11). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.596898</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coate KC, Cha J, Shrestha S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in β cells. Cell Metab. 2020;32(6):1028-1040.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coate KC, Cha J, Shrestha S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in β cells. Cell Metab. 2020;32(6):1028-1040.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steenblock C, Richter S, Berger I, et al. Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23886-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steenblock C, Richter S, Berger I, et al. Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3534. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23886-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. COVID-19 may affect the endocrine pancreas by activating Na+/H+exchanger 2 and increasing lactate levels. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1167-1168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01307-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. COVID-19 may affect the endocrine pancreas by activating Na+/H+exchanger 2 and increasing lactate levels. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1167-1168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01307-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2003;40(3):209-294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/713609354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2003;40(3):209-294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/713609354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drucker DJ. Coronavirus infections and type 2 diabetesshared pathways with therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(3):bnaa011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drucker DJ. Coronavirus infections and type 2 diabetesshared pathways with therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(3):bnaa011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubino F, Amiel SA, Zimmet P, et al. New-onset diabetes in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(8):789-790. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2018688</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubino F, Amiel SA, Zimmet P, et al. New-onset diabetes in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(8):789-790. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2018688</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rey-Reñones C, Martinez-Torres S, Martín-Luján FM, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: A narrative review. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2089. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rey-Reñones C, Martinez-Torres S, Martín-Luján FM, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: A narrative review. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2089. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Govender N, Khaliq OP, Moodley J, Naicker T. Insulin resistance in COVID-19 and diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(4):629-634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2021.04.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Govender N, Khaliq OP, Moodley J, Naicker T. Insulin resistance in COVID-19 and diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(4):629-634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2021.04.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220-232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220-232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang T, Mei Q, Zhang Z, et al. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):444. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02656-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang T, Mei Q, Zhang Z, et al. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):444. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02656-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathmann W, Kuss O, Kostev K. Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes after Covid-19. Diabetologia. 2022;65(6):949-954. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05670-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathmann W, Kuss O, Kostev K. Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes after Covid-19. Diabetologia. 2022;65(6):949-954. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05670-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shestakova M, Kononenko I, Kalmykovа Z, et al. Glycated hemoglobin level dynamics in COVID-19 survivors: 12 months follow-up study after discharge from hospital. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0275381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275381</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M, Kononenko I, Kalmykovа Z, et al. Glycated hemoglobin level dynamics in COVID-19 survivors: 12 months follow-up study after discharge from hospital. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0275381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275381</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millette K, Cuala J, Wang P, Marks C, et al. SARS-CoV2 infects pancreatic beta cells in vivo and induces cellular and subcellular disruptions that reflect beta cell dysfunction. Preprint. Res Sq. 2021:rs.3.rs-592374. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-592374/v1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millette K, Cuala J, Wang P, Marks C, et al. SARS-CoV2 infects pancreatic beta cells in vivo and induces cellular and subcellular disruptions that reflect beta cell dysfunction. Preprint. Res Sq. 2021:rs.3.rs-592374. doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-592374/v1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geravandi S, Mahmoudi-Aznaveh A, Azizi Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and pancreas: a potential pathological interaction? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021;32(11):842-845. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geravandi S, Mahmoudi-Aznaveh A, Azizi Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and pancreas: a potential pathological interaction? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021;32(11):842-845. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1565-1576. e5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1565-1576. e5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keerthi BY, Sushmita G, Khan EA, et al. New onset diabetes mellitus in post-COVID-19 patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(10):5961-5968. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keerthi BY, Sushmita G, Khan EA, et al. New onset diabetes mellitus in post-COVID-19 patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(10):5961-5968. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montefusco L, Ben Nasr M, D’Addio F, et al. Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Metab. 2021;3(6):774-785. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00407-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montefusco L, Ben Nasr M, D’Addio F, et al. Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Metab. 2021;3(6):774-785. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00407-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
