diaendoСахарный диабетDiabetes mellitus2072-03512072-0378Endocrinology research centre10.14341/DM12817diaendo-12817Research ArticleОригинальные исследованияOriginal StudiesПрименение Flash-мониторинга глюкозы у детей с сахарным диабетом 1 типа в реальной клинической практикеThe use of Flash glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in real clinical practicehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4316-8546ЛаптевД. Н.LaptevD. N.

Лаптев Дмитрий Никитич, д.м.н.

SPIN: 2419-4019

Москва

Dmitry N. Laptev, MD, PhD

SPIN: 2419-4019

Moscow

laptevdn@ya.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-0231ЕмельяновА. О.EmelyanovA. O.

Емельянов Андрей Олегович, к.м.н.

SPIN: 8110-5540

Москва

Andrey O. Emelyanov, MD, PhD

SPIN: 8110-5540

Moscow

endiab@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-8170АндриановаЕ. А.AndrianovaE. A.

Андрианова Екатерина Андреевна, к.м.н.

SPIN 7496-4580

Москва

Ekaterina A. Andrianova, MD, PhD

SPIN: 7496-4580

Moscow

katandr13@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-8314ЗильберманЛ. И.ZilbermanL. I.

Зильберман Любовь Иосифовна, к.м.н.

SPIN 4488-7724

Москва

Lubov I. Zilberman, MD, PhD

SPIN: 4488-7724

Moscow

zilbermanl@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-3935ЕреминаИ. А.EreminaI. A.

Еремина Ирина Александровна, к.м.н.

SPIN 9411-4710

Москва

Irina A. Eremina, MD, PhD

SPIN: 9411-4710

Moscow

ieremina58@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-2090СветловаГ. Н.SvetlovaG. N.

Светлова Галина Николаевна, к.м.н.

SPIN 9356-2673

Москва

Galina N. Svetlova, MD, PhD

SPIN: 9356-2673

Moscow

g_svetlova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-3979ТитовичЕ. В.TitovichE. V.

Титович Елена Витальевна, к.м.н., в.н.с.

SPIN: 7994-0797

Москва

Titovich, MD, PhD, leading research associate

SPIN: 7994-0797

Moscow

lenatitovich@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-5732БезлепкинаО. Б.BezlepkinaO. B.

Безлепкина Ольга Борисовна, д.м.н.

SPIN: 3884-0945

Москва

Olga B. Bezlepkina, MD, PhD

SPIN: 3884-0945

Moscow

olgabezlepkina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-4627ПетерковаВ. А.PeterkovaV. A.

Петеркова Валентина Александровна, д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН 

SPIN: 4009-2463

Москва

Valentina A. Peterkova, MD, PhD, Professor, academician of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

SPIN: 4009-2463

Moscow

peterkovava@hotmail.comНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологииРоссияEndocrinology Research CentreRussian Federation202123122021246504510Copyright © Лаптев Д.Н., Емельянов А.О., Андрианова Е.А., Зильберман Л.И., Еремина И.А., Светлова Г.Н., Титович Е.В., Безлепкина О.Б., Петеркова В.А., 20222022Лаптев Д.Н., Емельянов А.О., Андрианова Е.А., Зильберман Л.И., Еремина И.А., Светлова Г.Н., Титович Е.В., Безлепкина О.Б., Петеркова В.А.Laptev D.N., Emelyanov A.O., Andrianova E.A., Zilberman L.I., Eremina I.A., Svetlova G.N., Titovich E.V., Bezlepkina O.B., Peterkova V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12817

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. В 2018 г. в России появилась система флеш-мониторирования глюкозы (ФМГ) — FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring, которая стала потенциальной альтернативой традиционному самоконтролю глюкозы крови (СМГК). Проведенные к настоящему времени исследования показали преимущества ФМГ по сравнению с СМГК, однако лишь отдельные из них относятся к реальной клинической практике, особенно у детей с СД1.ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить эффективность ФМГ у детей с сахарным диабетом 1 типа (СД1) в отношении показателей гликемического контроля, возникновения тяжелой гипогликемии и диабетического кетоацидоза, а также удовлетворенность пациентов и их родителей применением ФМГ.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Одноцентровое проспективное обсервационное когортное исследование. К участию в исследовании были приглашены дети 4–18 лет с СД1 и уровнем гликированного гемоглобина (HbA1c) менее 10,0% на интенсифицированной инсулинотерапии (путем множественных инъекций — МИИ или непрерывной подкожной инфузии инсулина — НПИИ). Длительность участия пациента в исследовании составляла 6 мес. Исходно и далее каждые 3 мес проводились очные консультации с оценкой общего состояния, исследованием HbA1c, оценкой показателей гликемии, прогресса в отношении целевых показателей гликемического контроля и коррекцией проводимой терапии. Всего в исследование были включены 228 пациентов (110 мальчиков и 118 девочек), подходящих по критериям включения. Медиана возраста составила 11,2 (8,6–14,7) года, длительность СД1 — 3,8 (2–7,1) года, 136 пациентов получали инсулинотерапию путем НПИИ в течение 1,3 (0,8–2,6) года.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. В общей группе пациентов, через 3 и 6 мес после начала использования ФМГ, показатели HbA1c статистически значимо снизились на 0,2%. Помимо этого, увеличилось количество детей с уровнем HbA1c <7,5% на 6,1 и 4,9% на 3-м и 6-м месяце соответственно, однако данные изменения не были статистически значимыми. Число случаев диабетического кетоацидоза при использовании ФМГ снизилось на 74%, а число случаев тяжелой гипогликемии — на 83%, таким образом, число эпизодов снизилось в 4 и 6 раз соответственно. Удобство применения и свой опыт использования ФМГ пациенты и/или их родители оценивали по шкале от 0 (полностью согласен) до 4 (совсем не согласен). Большинство детей и родителей положительно (0 или 1) оценили удобство установки и ношения датчика (72,7–98,2%) и использование системы ФМГ в целом (75,0–96,4%) по сравнению с СМГК глюкометром (92,3–98,2%).ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Установка и использование ФМГ являются удобными и комфортными для абсолютного большинства детей и родителей, при этом по сравнению с СМГК применение ФМГ удобнее и проще, а измерение глюкозы гораздо быстрее и менее болезненно.

BACKGROUND: In 2018, a Frestyle Libre flash glucose monitoring system (FGM) appeared in Russia and became a potential alternative to the traditional CGM. Studies carried out to date have shown the advantages of FGM over SMBG, but only a few of them relate to real clinical practice, especially in children with type 1 diabetes.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of FGM in children with T1DM in relation to glycemic control indicators, the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, as well as the satisfaction of patients and their parents with the use of FGM.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-center, prospective, observational cohort study. Children 4–18 years old with T1DM and HbA1c level less than 10.0% were invited to participate in the study on intensified insulin therapy (by MDI or CSII). The duration of the patient’s participation in the study was 6 months. At baseline and every 3 months thereafter, face-to-face consultations were conducted with an assessment of the general condition, HbA1c study, an assessment of glycemic indicators, progress in relation to glycemic control targets and correction of the therapy. A total of 228 patients (110 boys and 118 girls) who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The median age was 11.2 (8.6–14.7) years, the duration of type 1 diabetes was 3.8 (2–7.1), 136 patients received insulin therapy by CSII for 1.3 (0.8–2.6) years.RESULTS: In the general group of patients, 3 and 6 months after the start of FGM use, the HbA1c values decreased statistically significantly by 0.2%. In addition, the number of children with HbA1c <7.5% increased by 6.1 and 4.9% at 3 and 6 months, respectively, but these changes were not statistically significant. The number of cases of DKA when using FGM decreased by 74%, and the number of cases of severe hypoglycemia by 83%, thus the number of episodes decreased by 4 and 6 times, respectively. Patients and / or their parents rated the ease of use and their experience with FGM on a scale from 0 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree). The majority of children and parents positively (0 or 1) assessed the convenience of installing and wearing the sensor (72.7–98.2%) using the FGM system in general (75.0–96.4%) and in comparison with the SMBG glucometer (92.3–98.2%).CONCLUSION: The installation and use of FGM is convenient and comfortable for the vast majority of children and parents, while compared to SMBG, the use of FGM is more convenient and simpler, and glucose measurement is much faster and less painful.

СД 1 типа у детей и подростковсистемы непрерывного мониторирования глюкозыНМГсистемы флэш-мониторинга глюкозыФМГсамоконтроль глюкозы кровиСМГК.type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescentsT1DCGMcontinuous glucose monitoringFGMflash glucose monitoringSMBGself monitoring of blood glucoseРабота выполнена в рамках клинической апробации «Оказание специализированной медицинской помощи детям и подросткам с сахарным диабетом 1 типа с использованием системы Flash-мониторинга глюкозы».ReferencesДедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. Под редакцией И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Майорова 9-й выпуск // Сахарный диабет. — 2019. — Т. 22. — №1S1. — С. 1-144 doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM221S1Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AYu, et al. Standards of specialized diabetes care. Ed. by II Dedov, MV Shestakova, AY Mayorov. Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22(S1):1-144 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM221S1Петеркова В.А., Шестакова М.В., Безлепкина О.Б., и др. Сахарный диабет 1 типа у детей // Сахарный диабет. — 2020. — Т. 23. — №1S. — С. 4-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12504Peterkova VA, Shestakova MV, Bezlepkina OB, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in childhood. Diabetes mellitus. 2020;23(1S):4-40. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12504Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. Сахарный диабет 1 типа у взрослых // Сахарный диабет. — 2020. — Т. 23. — № 1S. — С. 42-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12505[Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in adults. Diabetes mellitus. 2020;23(1S):42-114. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12505DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:105-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12737DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:105-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12737Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, et al. Evidence of a Strong Association Between Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Participants. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2009-2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1770Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, et al. Evidence of a Strong Association Between Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Participants. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2009-2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1770Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1631-1640. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1600Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1631-1640. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1600Campbell FM, Murphy NP, Stewart C, et al. Outcomes of using flash glucose monitoring technology by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in a single arm study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(7):1294-1301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12735Campbell FM, Murphy NP, Stewart C, et al. Outcomes of using flash glucose monitoring technology by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in a single arm study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(7):1294-1301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12735Messaaoui A, Tenoutasse S, Crenier L. Flash Glucose Monitoring Accepted in Daily Life of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Reduction of Severe Hypoglycemia in Real-Life Use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(6):329-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0339Messaaoui A, Tenoutasse S, Crenier L. Flash Glucose Monitoring Accepted in Daily Life of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Reduction of Severe Hypoglycemia in Real-Life Use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(6):329-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0339Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Evaluation of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System on Glycemic Control, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;10:117955141774695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551417746957Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Evaluation of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System on Glycemic Control, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;10:117955141774695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551417746957Leiva-Gea I, Vázquez JG, Jurado FRL, et al. Introduction of flash glucose monitoring in children with Type 1 diabetes: experience of a single-centre in Spain. ESPE Abstracts. 2019;92:LB-20.Leiva-Gea I, Vázquez JG, Jurado FRL, et al. Introduction of flash glucose monitoring in children with Type 1 diabetes: experience of a single-centre in Spain. ESPE Abstracts. 2019;92:LB-20.Suzuki J, Urakami T, Yoshida K, et al. Association between scanning frequen1. Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. Под редакцией И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Майорова 9-й выпуск // Сахарный диабет. — 2019. — Т. 22. — №1S1. — С. 1-144 [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AYu, et al. Standards of specialized diabetes care. Ed. by II Dedov, MV Shestakova, AY Mayorov. Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22(S1):1-144 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM221S1Suzuki J, Urakami T, Yoshida K, et al. Association between scanning frequency of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring‐derived glycemic makers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2021;63(2):154-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14412Петеркова В.А., Шестакова М.В., Безлепкина О.Б., и др. Сахарный диабет 1 типа у детей // Сахарный диабет. — 2020. — Т. 23. — №1S. — С. 4-40. [Peterkova VA, Shestakova MV, Bezlepkina OB, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in childhood. Diabetes mellitus. 2020;23(1S):4-40. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12504Deeb A, Yousef H, Al Qahtani N, et al. Novel ambulatory glucose-sensing technology improves hypoglycemia detection and patient monitoring adherence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0351-9Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. Сахарный диабет 1 типа у взрослых // Сахарный диабет. — 2020. — Т. 23. — № 1S. — С. 42-114. [Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in adults. Diabetes mellitus. 2020;23(1S):42-114. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12505Vergier J, Samper M, Dalla-Vale F, et al. Evaluation of flash glucose monitoring after long-term use: A pediatric survey. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.004DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:105-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12737DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:105-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12737Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, et al. Evidence of a Strong Association Between Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Participants. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2009-2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1770Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, et al. Evidence of a Strong Association Between Frequency of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c Levels in T1D Exchange Clinic Registry Participants. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2009-2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1770Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1631-1640. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1600Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T, et al. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1631-1640. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1600Campbell FM, Murphy NP, Stewart C, et al. Outcomes of using flash glucose monitoring technology by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in a single arm study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(7):1294-1301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12735Campbell FM, Murphy NP, Stewart C, et al. Outcomes of using flash glucose monitoring technology by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in a single arm study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(7):1294-1301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12735Messaaoui A, Tenoutasse S, Crenier L. Flash Glucose Monitoring Accepted in Daily Life of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Reduction of Severe Hypoglycemia in Real-Life Use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(6):329-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0339Messaaoui A, Tenoutasse S, Crenier L. Flash Glucose Monitoring Accepted in Daily Life of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Reduction of Severe Hypoglycemia in Real-Life Use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(6):329-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0339Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Evaluation of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System on Glycemic Control, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;10:117955141774695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551417746957Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Evaluation of FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System on Glycemic Control, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017;10:117955141774695. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551417746957Leiva-Gea I, Vázquez JG, Jurado FRL, et al. Introduction of flash glucose monitoring in children with Type 1 diabetes: experience of a single-centre in Spain. ESPE Abstracts. 2019;92:LB-20.Leiva-Gea I, Vázquez JG, Jurado FRL, et al. Introduction of flash glucose monitoring in children with Type 1 diabetes: experience of a single-centre in Spain. ESPE Abstracts. 2019;92:LB-20.Suzuki J, Urakami T, Yoshida K, et al. Association between scanning frequency of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring‐derived glycemic makers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2021;63(2):154-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14412Suzuki J, Urakami T, Yoshida K, et al. Association between scanning frequency of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring‐derived glycemic makers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2021;63(2):154-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14412Deeb A, Yousef H, Al Qahtani N, et al. Novel ambulatory glucose-sensing technology improves hypoglycemia detection and patient monitoring adherence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0351-9Deeb A, Yousef H, Al Qahtani N, et al. Novel ambulatory glucose-sensing technology improves hypoglycemia detection and patient monitoring adherence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0351-9Vergier J, Samper M, Dalla-Vale F, et al. Evaluation of flash glucose monitoring after long-term use: A pediatric survey. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.004cy of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring‐derived glycemic makers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2021;63(2):154-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14412Vergier J, Samper M, Dalla-Vale F, et al. Evaluation of flash glucose monitoring after long-term use: A pediatric survey. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.004cy of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring‐derived glycemic makers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Int. 2021;63(2):154-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14412Deeb A, Yousef H, Al Qahtani N, et al. Novel ambulatory glucose-sensing technology improves hypoglycemia detection and patient monitoring adherence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0351-9Deeb A, Yousef H, Al Qahtani N, et al. Novel ambulatory glucose-sensing technology improves hypoglycemia detection and patient monitoring adherence in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019;18(1):1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-018-0351-9Vergier J, Samper M, Dalla-Vale F, et al. Evaluation of flash glucose monitoring after long-term use: A pediatric survey. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.004Vergier J, Samper M, Dalla-Vale F, et al. Evaluation of flash glucose monitoring after long-term use: A pediatric survey. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):63-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.004

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.